Table 1.

Clinical features of endothelial dysfunction and microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 infection

Clinical manifestations	Associated clinical features
I. Microvascular lung thrombosis	Signs and symptoms resembling those of pulmonary embolism
II. Venous thromboembolism
Pulmonary embolism	Tachycardia, dyspnea, syncope, chest pain or discomfort, hemoptysis, fever, dizziness, sweating
Deep vein thrombosis	Pain, swelling, warmth, red or discolored skin on the extremities
Cerebral venous thrombosis	New-onset headache or isolated intracranial hypertension
III. Arterial events
Cerebrovascular disease	Large-vessel occlusion Intracerebral hemorrhage CNS vasculitis
Cardiovascular disease	Elevated troponin, symptoms of cardiomyopathy
Acute limb ischemia	Pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, perishingly cold, paralysis
IV. Other
Renal disease	Elevated creatinine, proteinuria
V. Neurological complications
Indirect events through systemic response	Encephalopathy, headaches, psychotic symptoms, de novo seizures or status epilepticus, myopathy
Direct nervous system invasion	Anosmia/ageusia Encephalitis/meningoencephalitis
Postinfectious/immune-mediated	Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome Acute necrotizing encephalopathy Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis