Table 1.
Endogenous upstream regulators of PAK1
| Name | Classification | Action mode | Regulatory Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| iR-142-3p | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-142-3p directly target RAC1 to inhibit RAC1/PAK1 pathway | 87 |
| miR-146a | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-146a directly target VEGF to inhibit VEGF/CDC42/PAK1 signaling | 91 |
| miR-485-5p | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-485-5p targets PAK1 and suppresses its expression | 79 |
| miR-331-3p | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR‐331‐3p directly targets ErbB2 and VAV2 and inhibits PAK1 activity through the ErbB2/VAV2/Rac1/PAK1 pathway | 92 |
| miR-140-5p | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-140-5p directly targets PAK1 to inhibit its expression | 80 |
| miR-4715-5p | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-4715-5p inhibits the activity of Rac1 to inhibit PAK1 | 88 |
| miR-96 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-96 targets PAK1 to inhibit its expression | 81 |
| miR-194-3p | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-194-3p inhibits PAK1 activity through PI3K/AKT/CDC42/PAK1 pathway | 93 |
| miR302-367 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR302-367 inhibits PAK1 activity through CDC42/PAK1 Pathway | 49 |
| miR-7 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-7 targets PAK1 to inhibit its expression | 82 |
| miR‑29a‑3p | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR‑29a‑3p inhibits PAK1 activity through CDC42/PAK1 Pathway | 89 |
| miR-494 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR‑494 suppresses PAK1 expression | 83 |
| miR-34b | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR‑34b suppresses PAK1 expression | 84 |
| miR-145 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR‑145 suppresses PAK1 expression | 85 |
| miR-15b | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | miR-15b interacts with CDC42 and inhibits CDC42-PAK1 pathway | 90 |
| Nudt21 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | Nudt21 inhibits Pak1 expression through its 3'-UTR alternative polyadenylation | 106 |
| merlin | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | merlin inhibits the activation of PAK1 through binding to the PBD of PAK1 | 107 |
| LKB1 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | LKB1 suppresses PAK1 by phosphorylation of Thr109. | 94 |
| Nischarin | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | Nischarin inhibits PAK1 kinase activity via interaction with the C-terminal domain of PAK1 | 108 |
| hPIP1 | Tumor suppressor | Inhibition | hPIP1 blocks PAK1 autoactivation | 109 |
| LncRNA-H19 | Tumor promoter | Activation | LncRNA-H19 suppresses miR-15b expression to active CDC42-PAK1 pathway | 90 |
| LINC00460 | Tumor promoter | Activation | LINC00460 promoted tumor progression through sponging miR-485-5p and up-regulating PAK1 | 79 |
| miR-130b | Tumor promoter | Activation | miR-130b inhibits ARHGAP1 expression to active CDC42-PAK1 pathway | 110 |
| LncRNA MALAT1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | MALAT1 interacts with miR-140-5p and inhibit its expression. Following miR-140-5p directly targets PAK1 to inhibit its expression | 80 |
| HLX | Tumor promoter | Activation | HLX promote the transcription of PAK1 | 13 |
| ELP3 | Tumor promoter | Activation | ELP3 acetylates PAK1 at K420 to inhibit the dimerization of PAK1 which further promote its activity | 101 |
| LCAT1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | LCAT1 up-regulates the activity of Rac1 to activate PAK1 | 88 |
| Rac1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | Rac1 phosphorylates PAK1 to activate its activity | 86 |
| CDC42 | Tumor promoter | Activation | CDC42 phosphorylates PAK1 to activate its activity | 86 |
| Her2 | Tumor promoter | Activation | Her2 leads to PAK1 recruitment and phosphorylation on Ser-423 | 2 |
| cytoplasmic p27 | Tumor promoter | Activation | cytoplasmic p27 phosphorylates PAK1 to activate its activity |
96 |
| STIL | Tumor promoter | Activation | STIL forms a ternary complex with ARHGEF7 and PAK1 and promote the phosphorylation of PAK1 | 111 |
| PKC iota | Tumor promoter | Activation | PKC iota activates Rac1-PAK1 signalling | 102 |
| MLK3 | Tumor promoter | Activation | MLK3 directly activates PAK1 kinase activity via phosphorylating PAK1 on Ser133 and Ser204 sites | 95 |
| NCK1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | NCK1 enhances Rac1/PAK1 activity | 104 |
| RIT1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | RIT1 interacts with PAK1 and CDC42/Rac1 to format complex and activates PAK1 signalling | 103 |
| P-REX1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | P-REX1 activates Rac1/PAK1 pathway | 105 |
| Estrogen | Tumor promoter | Activation | Estrogen activates PAK1 through ERα and GPER1. | 112 |
| bFGF | Tumor promoter | Activation | bFGF activates PAK1 kinase activity via phosphorylation | 97 |
| CK2 | Tumor promoter | Activation | CK2 activates PAK1 kinase activity via phosphorylation | 98 |
| PI3K | Tumor promoter | Activation | PI3K regulates the interaction of PAK1 with CK2α and CKIP-1 thus to activate its | 98 |
| CKIP-1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | CKIP-1 recruits CK2 to PAK1 to increase its phosphorylation | 98 |
| JAK2 | Tumor promoter | Activation | JAK2 activates PAK1 kinase activity via phosphorylation | 99 |
| PDK1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | PDK1 phosphorylates PAK1 at Thr423 and activates its activity | 100 |
| BRAF | Tumor promoter | Activation | BRAF increased PAK1 expression and activity | 113 |
| Etk/Bmx | Tumor promoter | Activation | Etk directly associates with Pak1 via its N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain and also phosphorylates Pak1 on tyrosine residues. | 114 |
| BCAR3 | Tumor promoter | Activation | BCAR3 augmentes the autophosphorylation and kinase activity of PAK1 | 115 |
| JMJD6 | Tumor promoter | Activation | JMJD6 increases the transcription of PAK1 | 116 |
| Net1 | Tumor promoter | Activation | Net1 dissociates and activates PAK1 dimers | 117 |