Table 1.
Examples of nanomedicine-based approaches to modulate macrophage dysfunction
| Type of nanoparticles | Therapeutic cargos | Targeting mechanism | Impact on macrophages | Disease models | Therapeutic effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human MSC-EVs | Endogenous miRNAs/Proteins | Passive targeting | Reprogramming | Mouse model of bacterial pneumonia | Improved survival and decreased neutrophils influx and cytokine in lungs | 58 |
| Human MSC-EVs | Endogenous miRNAs/Proteins | Passive targeting | Reprogramming | Ex vivo model of human bacterial pneumonia | Suppressed inflammatory cell influx and reduced TNF-α release | 59 |
| Swine MSC-EVs | Endogenous miRNAs/Proteins | Passive targeting | Reprogramming | Pig model of influenza virus infection | Reduced influenza virus replication and cytokines in the lungs | 60 |
| Human MSC-EVs | Endogenous miRNAs/Proteins | Passive targeting | Reprogramming | Mouse model of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia | Suppressed M1-like and promoted M2-like macrophages in the lungs | 61 |
| Liposomes | Clodronate | Passive targeting | Depletion | Rat model of sepsis | Reduced hepatic IL-1β/ TNF-α and plasma TNF-α | 61 |
| Liposomes | Clodronate | Passive targeting | Depletion | Mouse model of colon cancer | Suppressed IL-6/MCP-1 expression and STAT3 p38 MAPK/ERK signals in colon | 52 |
| TPP-PPM nanoparticles | TNF-α siRNA | Active targeting (Mannose receptor) | Reprogramming | Mouse model of colitis | Reduced TNF-α expression and colon damage | 64 |
| Tuftsin-alginate nanoparticles | Plasmid DNA encoding IL-10 | Active targeting (Tuftsin peptide) | Reprogramming | Rat model of arthritis | Reduced cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in blood and joints | 65 |
Notes: mannosylated bioreducible cationic polymer (PPM), sodium triphosphate (TPP).