Table 1.

Mechanical properties of articular cartilage tissue

Mechanical property	Articular cartilage	Reference
Aggregate modulus (MPa)	0.1-2.0	213-216
Compressive Young's modulus (MPa)	0.24-0.85	37
Tensile Young's modulus (MPa) - constant-strain rate	5-25	213, 217
Tensile equilibrium modulus ( MPa)	5-12	218
Equilibrium shear modulus ( MPa)	0.05-0.4	218, 219
Complex shear modulus ( MPa)	0.2-2.5	218, 220, 221
Equilibrium Relaxation Modulus ( MPa)	6.5-45	37
Compressive Strength (MPa)	14-59	213, 222
Tensile strength (MPa)	0.8-25	223
Ultimate Tensile Stress (MPa)	15-35	37
Shear loss angle (°)	10-15	218, 221, 224
Hydraulic permeability (m4/Ns)	10-16-10-15	214, 222
Elongation at Break	80%	37
Poisson's ratio	0.06-0.3	213, 224, 225