Table 1.
Classification, mechanism of action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses of Antiviral agents against COVID-19.
| Name of Drug(s) | Classification | Mechanism of action | Adverse effects | Therapeutic Uses | Safety Concern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir | HIV Protease inhibitor | Lopinavir inhibit key enzyme (Protease) of coronavirus life-cycle replication Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 enzyme |
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, dyslipidemias | HIV-1 &HIV-2 (anti-retroviral) | Cautiously used in cardiac arrhythmias(QT-prolongation), hepatic disease |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | InvestigationalNucleoside analogue | Inhibit RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme | Nausea, vomiting,liver damage | Ebola, Marburg, SARS, MERS viral infections | Caution for renal and hepatic impairment patients |
| Ribavirin | Purine nucleoside analogue | Inhibit GTP & viral RNA synthesis | Anemia, bone marrow depression, hemolysis, GIT & CNS symptoms | Chronic hepatitis C, Influenza A & B, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis | Contraindicated in pregnancy due to teratogenicity |
| Favipiravir(T-705)/Umifenovir | Investigational RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor | Inhibits viral RNA-synthesis | GIT and CNS symptoms, abnormal liver enzyme, elevations in serum uric acid | Influenza arenavirus, bunyavirus filovirus, Ebola &Lassa virus | Contraindicated in pregnancy due to teratogenicity |
| Darunavir/cobicistat | Protease inhibitor | Inhibit key enzyme of coronavirus life-cycle replication Protease (Mpro)/inhibition of human CYP3A4 protein | Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, muscle ache headache, joint pain, | HIV/AIDS (used in HIV-1 type virus) | Cautiously used in liver (hepatitis B & C), kidney, hemophilia, diabetes and heart patients |
| Camostatmesilate/nafamostat | Serine protease inhibitor | Inhibits enzyme activity TMPRSS2 receptor | Oedema, urticaria, GIT-intolerance, abnormal liver enzyme | Acute Pancreatitis, postoperative reflux esophagitis | Hepatic diseases |
| Ivermectin | Antiparasitic | Inhibits RNA viral synthesis | pruritus, giddiness, nausea, abdominal pain, constipation and lethargy | Anthelmintic, Onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, scabies, pediculosis | Pregnant women and young children |