Table 3.

Estimation of the association of treatments with the primary endpoint (time until intubation or death) and with mortality in the different models. Adjusted models used specific propensity scores^a for receiving each drug

Intubation or death
Tocilizumab versus no treatment	HR (95%CI)	p
Crude	0.52 (0.27–1.01)	0.05
With propensity score	0.32 (0.15–0.67)	0.003
Inverse probability of treatment weights	0.32 (0.22–0.47)	<0.001
Matched cases	0.42 (0.19–0.92)	0.03
Time-dependent variable with propensity score	0.36 (0.17–0.75)	0.007
Corticosteroids, intermediate-high dose versus no treatment	OR (95%CI)	p
Crude	1.17 (0.71–1.95)	0.52
With propensity score	0.83 (0.48–1.45)	0.53
Inverse probability of treatment weights	1.00 (0.72–1.41)	0.96
Matched cases	0.80 (0.42–1.41)	0.50
Time-dependent variable with propensity score	0.95 (0.59–1.53)	0.84
Corticosteroids, pulse dose versus no treatment	HR (95%CI)	p
Crude	0.71 (0.38–1.32)	0.28
With propensity score	0.71 (0.36–1.38)	0.31
Inverse probability of treatment weights	0.61 (0.43–0.86)	0.006
Matched cases	0.69 (0.32–1.51)	0.36
Time-dependent variable with propensity score	0.79 (0.41–1.53)	0.50
Combination therapy versus no treatment	OR (95%CI)	p
Crude	1.41 (0.90–2.21)	0.13
With propensity score	1.20 (0.71–2.01)	0.48
Inverse probability of treatment weights	1.17 (0.86–1.58)	0.30
Matched cases	1.71 (0.88–3.31)	0.10
Time-dependent variable with propensity score	1.17 (0.74–1.84)	0.48
DEATH
Tocilizumab versus no treatment	HR (95%CI)	p
Crude	0.17 (0.04–0.70)	0.01
With propensity score	0.12 (0.02–0.56)	0.007
Inverse probability of treatment weights	0.07 (0.02–0.17)	<0.001
Matched cases	0.22 (0.05–0.96)	0.04
Corticosteroids, intermediate-high dose versus no treatment	HR (95%CI)	p
Crude	1.66 (0.99–2.79)	0.05
With propensity score	1.16 (0.66–2.03)	0.59
Inverse probability of treatment weights	1.21 (0.62–2.35)	0.56
Matched cases	1.02 (0.66–1.58)	0.90
Corticosteroids, pulse dose versus no treatment	OR (95%CI)	p
Crude	0.80 (0.35–1.81)	0.59
With propensity score	0.74 (0.31–1.77)	0.51
Inverse probability of treatment weights	0.64 (0.24–1.04)	0.06
Matched cases	0.67 (0.24–1.84)	0.43
Combination therapy versus no treatment	OR (95%CI)	p
Crude	1.03 (0.57–1.85)	0.90
With propensity score	1.31 (0.67–2.54)	0.42
Inverse probability of treatment weights	1.17 (0.75–1.64)	0.57
Matched cases	1.36 (0.58–3.21)	0.47

^aPropensity scores were calculated including age, gender, ethnicity, comorbidities (cardiac disease, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic renal disease, liver cirrhosis, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, obesity, HIV infection), laboratory data (lymphocytes, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, ferritin, D-dimers, IL-6), previous treatments, radiographic findings, 7-point scale and type of oxygen requirement. Their predictive ability for observed data are 0.79 (95%CI: 0.74–0.85) for tocilizumab, 0.72 (0.68–0.77) for corticosteroids, intermediate-high dose, 0.77 (0.71–0.82) for corticosteroids, pulse dose, and 0.81 (0.77–0.85) for combination therapy.