Table 1.
Characteristics of the study populations among 106 MMIP participants, stratified by sex.
| Categorical variables | All | Males | Females | p valueA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 33 (31%) | 16 (31%) | 17 (31%) | 0.988 |
| 1 | 45 (42%) | 21 (41%) | 24 (44%) | |
| 2 | 21 (20%) | 11 (22%) | 10 (18%) | |
| ≥ 3 | 7 (7%) | 3 (6%) | 4 (7%) | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) (n = 103) | ||||
| 18.5–24.9 | 64 (62%) | 30 (61%) | 34 (63%) | 0.504 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 18 (17%) | 11 (22%) | 7 (13%) | |
| 30.0–34.9 | 12 (12%) | 4 (8%) | 8 (15%) | |
| ≥ 35.0 | 9 (9%) | 4 (8%) | 5 (9%) | |
| Delivery mode | ||||
| Vaginal | 76 (72%) | 35 (69%) | 41 (75%) | 0.499 |
| Caesarean Section | 30 (28%) | 16 (31%) | 14 (25%) | |
| Continuous variables | All | Males | Females | p valueB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± SD (n) | mean ± SD (n) | mean ± SD (n) | ||
| Maternal baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 32.1 ± 3.6 | 32.4 ± 4.1 | 31.7 ± 3.2 | 0.328 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.1 ± 17.6 | 69.4 ± 13.9 | 72.6 ± 20.4 | 0.347 |
| Height (cm) | 165 ± 7 (103) | 165 ± 6 (49) | 165 ± 7 (54) | 0.858 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 6.0 (103) | 25.4 ± 5.3 (49) | 26.2 ± 6.6 (54) | 0.519 |
| Maternal and newborn delivery characteristics | ||||
| Gestation age (days) | 278 ± 7 | 278 ± 8 | 278 ± 6 | 0.981 |
| GWG (kg) | 13.2 ± 5.2 | 13.9 ± 4.5 | 12.6 ± 5.8 | 0.202 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,510 ± 436 (105) | 3,638 ± 467 | 3,390 ± 370 (54) | 0.003 |
| Fenton BW z score | 0.09 ± 0.87 (105) | 0.20 ± 0.95 | − 0.01 ± 0.78 (54) | 0.208 |
| Fenton BW percentile | 53.1 ± 26.1 (105) | 56.0 ± 28.2 | 50.4 ± 23.8 (54) | 0.273 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 35 ± 1 (101) | 35.2 ± 1.2 (48) | 34.7 ± 1.3 (53) | 0.048 |
| Fenton HC z score | 0.10 ± 0.86 (101) | 0.16 ± 0.72 (48) | 0.04 ± 0.96 (53) | 0.485 |
| Fenton HC percentile | 52.5 ± 25.5 (101) | 54.9 ± 22.9 (48) | 50.4 ± 27.6 (53) | 0.371 |
Values are n (%) or mean ± SD. Stratified by males (n = 51) and females (n = 55). ARepresents Pearson's chi-square test for categorical variables. BRepresents unpaired t test for continuous variables. If sample size differs, mean ± SD (n).