Table 1.
RA formulations tested in past and ongoing clinical trials.
| Drug | Indication | Clinical trial |
|---|---|---|
| ATRA-containing liposomes | Acne | Phase I/II (NA)71 |
| ATRA-containing collagen sponge | Mild/moderate intraepithelial cervical neoplasia | Phase II (NA)4,5 |
| ATRA + pembrolizumab | Advanced melanoma | Phase I/Ib (NCT03200847) |
| ATRA + ipilimumab | Advanced melanoma | Phase II (NCT02403778) |
| 13-cis RA + cabozantinib | Solid tumors | Phase I (NCT03611595) |
| 13-cis RA + temozolomide + thiotepa + carboplatin | Brain tumor | Phase II (NCT00528437) |
| 13-cis RA + 3F8/GM-CSF | Neuroblastoma | Phase II (NCT01183429) |
| 13-cis RA + 3F8/GM-CSF | Neuroblastoma | Phase II (NCT01183897) |
| 13-cis RA | Neuroblatoma | Phase I/II (NCT03291080) |
| 13-cis RA + dinutuximab + lenalidomide | Neuroblastoma | Phase I (NCT01711554) |
| 13-cis RA + several drugs | Neuroblastoma | NA (NCT01526603) |
| ATRA | Cholangitis, sclerosing | Phase II (NCT03359174) |
| ATRA + arsenic trioxide | APL | Phase II (NCT01404949) |
| ATRA + arsenic trioxide | APL | Phase III (NCT02339740) |
| ATRA + arsenic trioxide + gemtuzumab ozogamicin | APL | Phase II (NCT01409161) |
| ATRA + idarubicin | APL | NA (NCT01064557) |
| ATRA + arsenic trioxide + realgar-Indigo naturalis formula | APL | Phase III (NCT02899169) |
| ATRA + several drugs | APL | Phase IV (NCT02200978) |
| ATRA + several drugs | APL | Phase III (NCT02688140) |
| ATRA + several drugs | APL | Phase III (NCT00482833) |
| ATRA | Acne vulgaris | Phase IV (NCT02620813) |
| ATRA | Multiple myeloma | Phase I/II (NCT02751255) |
| ATRA + rituximab | Immune thrombocytopenia | Phase II (NCT03304288) |
| ATRA + 5-azacitidine + lupron | Prostate cancer | Phase II (NCT03572387) |
| ATRA | Olfactory loss | NA (NCT03574701) |
| ATRA + tranylcypromine + cytarabine | AML | Phase I/II (NCT02717884) |
| ATRA + tranylcypromine | AML | Phase I (NCT02273102) |
| ATRA + gemtuzumab ozogamicin | AML | Phase III (NCT00893399) |
| ATRA + decitabine + cytarabine + G-CSF | AML | Phase II (NCT03356080) |
| ATRA + arsenic trioxide + cytarabine | AML | Phase I/II (NCT03031249) |
| ATRA + pioglitozone + azacitidine | AML | Phase II (NCT02942758) |
| ATRA + gemcitabine + Nab-paclitaxel | Pancreatic cancer | Phase I (NCT03307148) |
| ATRA + INCB059872 + azacitidine + nivolumab | Advanced malignancies | Phase I/II (NCT02712905) |
| 13-cis RA + vorinostat + temozolamide | Glioblastoma | Phase I/II (NCT00555399) |
| Retinol + bakuchiol | Photoaging; wrinkles | Phase I/II (NCT03112863) |
| 9-cis RA + cyclosporine A | Hand eczema | Phase III (NCT03026946) |
AML, acute myeloid leukemia; APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; NA, not available.