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. 2020 Aug 26;10:14216. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71148-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The range of ambient temperature and air temperature reduction: T_a,MAX (red marker) and T_a,MIN (blue marker) (a), ΔT_a,MAX (°C) (blue marker) and the MAX ΔT_a (red marker) (b). REF (unmitigated), ALB_SH_G (Albedo, greenery and shading), ALB_SH_G_W (albedo, shading, greenery and water), SH (shading), CP (cool pavement), ALB 40% (albedo 0.4), ALB 60% (albedo 0.6), CR (cool roof), G 20% (greenery 20%), G 30% (greenery 30%), W (water), GR (green roof).