Table 1.
Viruses reported to be restricted by viperin
| Virus | Virus family | Mechanism of restriction | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| ssRNA viruses | |||
| Influenza A | Orthomyxoviridae | Inhibits viral budding from cell membrane | 8, 11 |
| Hepatitis C | Flaviviridae | Inhibits formation of replication complex by promoting degradation of viral protein NS5A | 12–14 |
| Dengue (type II) | Flaviviridae | Inhibits viral genome replication interacting with viral protein NS3 | 3, 15–17 |
| Tick-borne encephalitis | Flaviviridae | Promotes degradation of viral protein NS3 through proteasome-mediated pathway | 18–20 |
| Zika | Flaviviridae | Promotes degradation of viral protein NS3 through proteasome-mediated pathway | 3, 17, 18, 21, 22 |
| West Nile | Flaviviridae | Regulates viral replication; exact molecular mechanism not known | 3, 15, 17 |
| Chikungunya | Togaviridae | Reduces expression of viral RNA helicase protein NSP2; exact mechanism not known | 23, 24 |
| Sindbis | Togaviridae | Regulates viral replication; exact mechanism not known | 25, 26 |
| Sendai | Paramyxoviridae | Controls viral replication; exact mechanism not known | 10, 27 |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus | Rhabdoviridae | Inhibits viral replication in IFN-independent pathway | 28–30 |
| Classical swine fever | Flaviviridae | Inhibits CSFV replication by interacting with viral nonstructural protein NS5A and E2 | 31, 32 |
| Viral hemorrhagic septicemia | Rhabdoviridae | Inhibits RNA transcription and replication | 6, 33 |
| Measles | Paramyxoviridae | Inhibits viral release | 34 |
| Newcastle disease | Paramyxoviridae | Regulates viral replication, potentially by interacting with viral matrix proteins, involved in viral assembly and budding | 29, 31, 35 |
| Enterovirus A71 | Picornaviridae | Inhibits viral replication by interacting with viral protein 2C, important for membrane binding of virus. | 36 |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis | Arenaviridae | Exact mechanism not known | 37 |
| Junin mammarena | Arenaviridae | Impairs viral budding by perturbing lipid droplet morphogenesis and mis localization of viral glycoproteins | 38 |
| Rabies | Rhabdoviridae | Impairs viral budding by disrupting cholesterol/sphingomyelin synthesis and up-regulating TLR4 | 28, 39 |
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome | Arteriviridae | Impairs early steps of viral entry and genome replication and translation by interacting with viral protein N | 40 |
| Respiratory syncytial | Pneumoviridae | Impairs viral transmission by inhibiting virus filament formation | 41 |
| Bunyamwera | Peri Bunyaviridae | Inhibits viral replication; exact mechanism not known | 42 |
| Rhino | Picornaviridae | May inhibit viral replication; exact mechanism not known | 43 |
| Yellow fever | Flaviviridae | May inhibit viral replication; exact mechanism not known | 44 |
| Retroviruses | |||
| Human immunodeficiency | Retroviridae | Inhibits viral egress by perturbing lipid raft formation | 45, 46 |
| Equine infectious anemia | Retroviridae | Reduces viral budding by interacting with viral envelope proteins | 47 |
| dsDNA viruses | |||
| Human cytomegalovirus | Herpesviridae | Co-opted by the virus to inhibit β-oxidation of fatty acids by mitochondrial trifunctional protein | 6, 7, 48–50 |
| Herpes simplex 1 | Herpesviridae | Inhibits viral replication by interacting with viral glycoprotein D, found in the virion envelope | 51, 52 |
| Singaporean grouper iridovirus | Iridoviridae | Restricts viral replication by up-regulating interferon and inflammatory response; exact mechanism not known | 53 |