Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics among groups.
| CAN (CVT ≤ 3.18) | %CAN (CVT > 3.18) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51 ± 10 | 41 ± 14 | <0.01 |
| Sex (males) | 69% | 49% | 0.09 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.1 (25.2–30.5) | 25.1 (23.3–27.8) | 0.02 |
| Current smokers | 17% | 27% | 0.27 |
| Disease duration (years) | 32 ± 11 | 22 ± 11 | <0.01 |
| Haemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol) | 66 (57–75) | 60 (53–69) | 0.03 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141 ± 15 | 132 ± 15 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 9 | 74 ± 8 | 0.06 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 76 (72–80) | 69 (64–75) | <0.01 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 (3.7–4.7) | 4.4 (3.8–4.9) | 0.42 |
| Long acting insulin dose (IU) | 26 (19–38) | 24 (18–31) | 0.31 |
| Short acting insulin dose (IU) | 27 (20–36) | 22 (15–28) | 0.11 |
| Insulin pump dose (IU) | 21.2 (19.9–49.6) | 42.4 (32.0–50.0) | 0.11 |
| Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (%) | 69% | 29% | <0.01 |
| SDNN | 112 (99–141) | 136 (112-167) | 0.02 |
| SDANN | 103 (88–131) | 118 (99–145) | 0.04 |
| SDNNi | 44 ± 19 | 57 ± 19 | <0.01 |
| RMSSD | 20 (13–27) | 30 (24–40) | <0.01 |
| VLF | 1091 (590-1479) | 1861 (1184-2907) | <0.01 |
| LF | 375 (107–576) | 968 (509-1580) | <0.01 |
| HF | 101 (38–197) | 268 (141–615) | <0.01 |
| Interleukin-1α (pg/mL) | 1.0 (0.4–1.2) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.01 |
| Interleukin-4 (pg/mL) | 15.9 (12.4–21.6) | 7.4 (7.4–12.7) | <0.01 |
| Interleukin-12p70 (pg/mL) | 46.1 (38.9–65.7) | 39.2 (33.2–48.5) | 0.02 |
| Interleukin-13 (pg/mL) | 3.1 (2.1–4.4) | 2.1 (2.1–3.7) | 0.12 |
| Interleukin-17A (pg/mL) | 10.0 (7.5–15.2) | 8.2 (5.9–10.9) | 0.02 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL) | 36.9 (22.9–54.5) | 27.7 (19.7–38.5) | 0.07 |
| C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (pg/mL) | 12.4 ± 4.1 | 11.1 ± 4.0 | 0.17 |
| C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (pg/mL) | 88.4 (65.2–136.8) | 64.2 (41.2–102.2) | <0.01 |
| C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (pg/mL) | 14.5 (9.4–22.6) | 13.0 (6.4–25.4) | 0.54 |
| C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (pg/mL) | 30.2 ± 16.6 | 31.6 ± 14.1 | 0.70 |
| E-selectin (ng/mL) | 16.8 ± 4.6 | 14.7 ± 4.4 | <0.01 |
| P-selectin (ng/mL) | 180.8 (117.0 – 245.9) | 143.4 (80.3 – 219.3) | 0.06 |
| Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ng/mL) | 44.6 (26.4–57.4) | 39.7 (27.7–57.6) | 0.60 |
Based on normative distribution, data is presented as mean ± SD or median (25th-75th percentiles) for continuous variables and number (%) for binary variables. p values between the groups (CAN–No CAN) were based on Student's t-test, the Mann–Whitney U-test, and the chi-squared test. SDNN: standard deviation of all normal RR; SDANN: standard deviation of the averages of RR: SDNNi: mean standard deviation of the averages of RR for each 5-minute interval; RMSSD: root mean square of the successive differences; VLF: very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; UI: international units.