Table 2.
Summary of human studies investigating the neurobiological consequences of cocaine use and the inclusion of PSU subjects. The amount of alcohol and cannabis use reported is for the cocaine subjects. The exceptions are marked with * for studies where it could not be discerned whether the amount reported was for all subjects or only cocaine subjects. AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test.
| # | Citation | Exclude Alcohol Dependent? | Exclude Alcohol Users? |
Amount of Alcohol Use | Exclude Cannabis Dependent? | Exclude Cannabis Users? |
Amount of Cannabis Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (Ersche et al., 2017) | no | no | # with alc dependence: 3 of 44; mean AUDIT score: 4.0 (± 4.8) |
No | no | # with cannabis dependence: 16 of 44 |
| 2 | (Ray et al., 2017) | yes | no | 13/20 reported alcohol use; Mean of 1.9 days/month, 2.1 drinks/occasion | No | no | 10/20 reported infrequent cannabis use |
| 3 | (Garza-Villarreal et al., 2017) | no | no | # alcohol dependence (past 12 months): 13 of
36 # lifetime alc dependence: 17 of 36 # alc abuse (past 12 months): 17 of 36 # lifetime alc abuse: 22 of 36 |
No | no | 10/36 reported any use of cannabis -dependence not specified |
| 4 | (Worhunsky et al., 2017) | no | no | not reported | No | no | not reported |
| 5 | (Zhang et al., 2016) | yes | no | mean age = 40; mean of 17 years alcohol use |
Yes | no | mean of 10 years cannabis use |
| 6 | (Regier et al., 2017) | no | no | Group 1 No Abuse: mean age = 45 Avg years of use = 17.1 Group 2 Abuse: Mean age = 43 Avg years of use = 17.6 |
No | no | Group 1 No Abuse: 37% (10 subjects) used Group 2 Abuse: 45% (18 subjects) used |
| 7 | (Rosell-Negre et al., 2016) | no | no | not reported | No | no | not reported |
| 8 | (Rose et al., 2017) | no | no | not reported | no | no | not reported |
| 9 | (Hanlon et al., 2016) | yes | no | mean AUDIT score: 5.8 | yes | no | excluded past week users |
| 10 | (Ide et al., 2016) | yes | no | Mean age = 39.9; mean years alc. use = 16.1, 12.7 days drinking in prior month |
yes | no | mean years cannabis use=10.0 |
| 11 | (Kober et al., 2016) | no | no | # with current alc abuse/ dependence
diagnosis: 4/30 # with past alc abuse/ dependence diagnosis: 13 of 30 |
no | no | # with current cannabis abuse/ dependence
diagnosis: 3 of 30 # with past cannabis abuse/ dependence diagnosis: 7 of 30 |
| 12 | (Moeller et al., 2016b) | no | no | # with current alc use disorder: 1 of
22 # with past alc use disorder: 10 of 22 |
no | no | # with current cannabis use disorder:
1 of 22 # with past cannabis use disorder: 6 of 22 |
| 13 | (Kaag et al., 2016) | no | no | *19.9 ± 35 units/week | no | no | *Range 0–30 days/week |
| 14 | (Tobler et al., 2016) | no | no | mean g/week 259.6 ± 558.6; mean years of use: 14.4 ± 8.9 |
no | no | mean g/wk: 0.6 ± 1.5, mean years of use: 9.8 ± 9.6 |
| 15 | (Moeller et al., 2016a) | no | no | # subjects current/past/ none: 5/8/9 | no | no | # subjects current/past/ none: 1/5/16 |
| 16 | (Fotros et al., 2013) | no | no | # of users: 12 of 12 mean use per year (days):
77.1 ± 120.5 mean use in past 30 days: 7.5 ± 10.5 |
no | no | # of users: 12/12 mean use per year (days): 122.25 ± 153.8 mean use in past 30 days: 15.8 ± 12.8 |
| 17 | (Konova et al., 2016) | no (but none reported) | no | days use/ intoxication in past 30 days: 1
± 1; years use/intoxication: mean 7 ± 2 years for females and 7 ± 3 for males; 11 of 28 had past alcohol use disorder; 0 had current alc use disorder |
no | no | 11 of 28 had past cannabis use disorder;
1 of 28 had current cannabis use disorder |
| 18 | (Balodis et al., 2016) | no | no | past 28 day alc use (days): 6.45 ± 7.7 | no | no | past 28 day cannabis use (days): 1.21 ± 2.8 |
| 19 | Ramaekers et al., 2016) | yes | no | not reported; cutoff for inclusion was < 20 units/week | no | no | occasions used in past 3 months: 44.8 ± 26.8 |
| 20 | (Hanlon et al., 2015) | yes | no | mean AUDIT score: 7.14 ± 4.03 | yes | no | not reported (past week users excluded) |
| 21 | (Moreno-López et al., 2015) | no | no | median used: 20 units/month | yes | no | median used: 64 joints/month |
| 22 | (Crunelle et al., 2015) | no | no | 96.2% used; mean use/week: 19 ± 18 units | no | no | 46.2% used; mean use/ week: 4.2 ± 5.1 g |
| 23 | (Moeller et al., 2015) | no | no | current alcohol use disorder: 5/55
subjects Group 1 (PENK: C-Allele Carrier): 8/21 used; mean # intoxication days in past 30 days: 0.3 ± 0.7 Group 2 (PENK: T/T Genotype): 24/34 used; mean # intoxication days in past 30 days: 2.1 ± 6.0 |
no | no | current cannabis use disorder: 2/55
subjects Group 1 (PENK: C-Allele Carrier): 13/21 used; mean past 30 day use: 0.1 ± 0.3 days Group 2 (PENK: T/T Genotype): 23/34 used; mean past 30 day use: 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| 24 | (Ersche et al., 2015) | no | no | 29% dependent on alc | no | no | 20% dependent on cannabis; 68% reported occasional cannabis use |
| 25 | (Lai et al., 2015) | no | no | 81.3% used alc; mean # years using: 18 | no | no | not reported |
| 26 | (Liu et al., 2014) | no | no | current alcohol use disorder 6/13 subjects | no | no | current cannabis use disorder 1/13 subjects |
| 27 | (Liang et al., 2015) | yes | no | not reported | yes | no | not reported |
| 28 | (Hulka et al., 2016) | no | no | mean g/week: 262.00 ± 251.48 | yes | no | 33% of subjects tested positive for cannabis use; mean use:1.07 ± 1.92 g/week |
| 29 | (Worhunsky et al., 2014) | no | no | mean AUDIT score: 4.5 ± 6.7 | no | no | not reported |
| 30 | (Kaag et al., 2014) | no | no | mean units per week: 24 ± 21 | no | no | 28% used cannabis regularly |
| 31 | (Elton et al., 2015) | no | no | current/lifetime (total subjects =
38) Alc Abuse: 3/8 Alc dependence: 12/23 |
no | no | current/lifetime (total subjects = 38)
Cannabis abuse: 3/14 Cannabis dependence: 8/18 |
| 32 | (Tomasi et al., 2015) | yes | no | not reported | yes | no | not reported |
| 33 | (Moeller et al., 2014) | no | no | current alc use disorder: 0 of 21 past alc use disorder: 8 of 21 | no | no | past cannabis use disorder: 1 of 21 current cannabis use disorder: 9 of 21 |
| 34 | (Xu et al., 2014) | no | no | lifetime alc use disorder: 65%; avg days of alc use in 28 days prior to study: 7.1 ± 9.0 | no | no | not reported |
| 35 | (Prisciandaro et al., 2014) | no | no | # with alcohol dependence: 8 of 51 | no | no | # with cannbis dependence: 2 of 51 |
| 36 | (Zhang et al., 2014) | yes | no | years of alc use: 15 ± 8.9 | yes | no | years of cannabis use: 9 ± 3.8 |
| 37 | (McHugh et al., 2013) | no | no | Group 1 (non-relapsed at day 30): Avg # of standard drinks per week: 2.76 ± 2.28 Group 2 (relapsed at day 30): Avg # of standard drinks per week: 2.50 ± 2.30 |
no | no | Group 1 (non-relapsed at day 30): # of current users: 3 of 20 Group 2 (relapsed at day 30): # of current users: 3 of 24 |
| 38 | (Wisner et al., 2013) | yes | no | excluded men reporting > 14 drinks/week and women reporting > 10 drinks/week | yes | no | not reported |
| 39 | (Mitchell et al., 2013) | no | no | current alc use disorder: 1 of 15 (6.7%); past 28 day use: 3.40 ± 5.24 days |
no (but none sampled) | no | current cannabis use disorder: 0 of 15 (0%); past 28 day use:1.47 ± 3.9 days |
| 40 | (Kilts et al., 2014) | no | no | N = 42 # current/past alc dependence: 9/20 alc abuse: 7/10 |
no | no | N = 42 # current/ past Cannabis dependence: 2/13 Cannabis abuse: 7/17 |