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. 2020 Aug 12;22(8):e18136. doi: 10.2196/18136

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©Ko Woon Kim, Sung Yun Lee, Jongdoo Choi, Juhee Chin, Byung Hwa Lee, Duk L Na, Jee Hyun Choi. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 12.08.2020.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Shape similarity between the target and the pictures drawn by the participants. (A) The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess cross-correlation for all possible overlap. (B). We applied 2D cross-correlation analysis and calculated its coefficient and shift in space. (C) For both AD groups, pattern matching was significantly poorer than that of the normal control (NC) group (pairwise Mann-Whitney U test: P=.004 for early-onset Alzheimer disease [EOAD] vs NCs and P=.002 for late-onset Alzheimer disease [LOAD] vs NCs). There was no statistical significance between the EOAD and LOAD groups (P=.86). (D) Although the amount of difference was reduced, the similarity was significantly lower for the LOAD group even after rescaling the image size (P=.04). There was no statistical significance for the EOAD group even after adjusting for image size. One and two asterisks show significant differences at P<.05 and P<.01 levels, respectively. RCFT: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test.