Table 1.
Clinical characteristics.
| Demographics and cognitive profiles | NCa (n=17) | EOADb (n=17) | LOADc (n=21) | Post hoc Bonferroni test (P value) | |||
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NC vs EOAD | NC vs LOAD | EOAD vs LOAD | |
| Age (years), n (IQR) | 73 (65.5-77.0) | 65 (58.5-68.0) | 78 (74.0-81.5) | .011 d | .005 | <.001 | |
| Gender | |||||||
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Female:male | 8:9 | 8:9 | 8:13 | >.99 | <.001 | >.99 |
| Education (years), n (IQR) | 16 (10.5-16.0) | 12 (9.0-13.0) | 12 (11.0-16.0) | .12 | .36 | >.99 | |
| APOE4e carrierf, n (%) | 0g (0) | 10h/16 (63) | 9i/20 (45) | .001 | .015 | >.99 | |
| Amyloid PETj positivek, n | 0 | 15 | 8 | .004 | .018 | >.99 | |
| Attention, span (IQR) | |||||||
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Forward digit span | 0.06 (–0.43 to 1.08) | 0.12 (–1.50 to 20.99) | –0.15 (–0.59 to 0.83) | .86 | >.99 | >.99 |
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Backward digit span | –0.16 (–0.55 to 1.19) | –0.82 (–1.66 to –0.03) | –0.13 (–1.07 to 0.80) | .04 | >.99 | 0.41 |
| Language, score (IQR) | |||||||
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K-BNTl | 0.27 (–1.90 to 0.86) | –0.92 (–2.52 to –0.08) | –2.60 (–3.38 to –1.61) | .002 | <.001 | 0.15 |
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Calculation | 12 (12-12) | 10 (7-12) | 10 (8-12) | .003 | .001 | >.99 |
| Visuospatial function, score (IQR) | |||||||
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RCFTm: copying | 0.55 (–0.70 to 0.93) | –1.72 (–7.61 to 0.00) | –1.02 (–7.78 to 0.12) | 0.008 | 0.001 | >.99 |
| Memory, score (IQR) | <.001 | <.001 |
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SVLTn: immediate recall | 0.83 (0.24-1.48) | –2.25 (–2.85 to –0.95) | –1.79 (–2.45 to –0.87) |
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>.99 |
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SVLT: delayed recall | 0.88 (0.34-1.22) | –2.96 (–3.18 to –2.53) | –2.51 (–2.74 to –2.09) |
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.008 |
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SVLT: recognition | 0.89 (0.61-1.10) | –2.23 (–3.93 to –1.94) | –2.66 (–3.26 to –1.51) |
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>.99 |
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RCFT: immediate recall | 0.86 (0.61-1.10) | –2.23 (–3.93 to –1.94) | –2.66 (–3.26 to –1.51) |
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>.99 |
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RCFT: delayed recall | 1.36 (0.05-1.76) | –2.11 (–2.55 to –1.82) | –2.17 (–2.45 to –1.65) |
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>.99 |
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RCFT: recognition | 1.01 (0.04-1.47) | –2.48 (–2.75 to –2.16) | –2.36 (–2.58 to –1.97) |
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.56 |
| Frontal/executive functions, score (IQR) | |||||||
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COWATo animal | 0.23 (–0.30 to 0.98) | –2.21 (–3.14 to –1.89) | –2.36 (–2.96 to –1.17) | <.001 | <.001 | >.99 |
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COWAT supermarket | 0.23 (–0.78 to 1.00) | –1.60 (–2.06 to –1.32) | –1.73 (–1.99 to –1.04) | .001 | .001 | >.99 |
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COWAT phonemic | 0.70 (0.00-1.59) | –1.37 (–1.61 to –0.47) | –0.85 (–1.68 to 0.28) | <.001 | .01 | >.99 |
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Stroop test: color | 0.56 (–0.17 to 1.03) | –3.22 (–3.89 to –0.75) | –1.93 (–2.86 to –0.48) | <.001 | <.001 | .66 |
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MMSEp | 29 (28-30) | 22 (15-25) | 20 (17-22) | <.001 | <.001 | >.99 |
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CDRq | 0.5 (0.5-0.5) | 1.0 (0.5-1.0) | 1.0 (0.75-1.0) | <.001 | <.001 | >.99 |
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CDR sum of box | 0.5 (0.5-0.75) | 5.0 (4.25-6.25) | 4.5 (4.0-8.5) | <.001 | <.001 | >.99 |
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GDSr | 1.0 (0.0-4.0) | 2.0 (1.0-5.0) | 1.0 (0.5-7.0) | >.99 | .71 | >.99 |
aNC: normal control.
bEOAD: early-onset Alzheimer disease.
cLOAD: late-onset Alzheimer disease.
dItalicization show significant differences at P<.05.
eAPOE4: apolipoprotein E4.
fAPOE4 was analyzed in 49 patients: 13 NCs, 16 patients with EOAD, and 20 patients with LOAD. Participants with one or more copies of the ε4 allele (ie, ε2/4, ε3/4, ε4/4) were considered as ε4 carriers.
gn=13.
hn=16.
in=20.
jPET: positron emission tomography.
kAmyloid PET was analyzed in 26 patients: 3 NCs, 15 patients with EOAD, and 8 patients with LOAD. Amyloid PET positivity was interpreted based on previously reported guidelines for each ligand.
lK-BNT: Korean version of the Boston naming test.
mRCFT: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test.
nSVLT: Seoul Verbal Learning Test.
oCOWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test.
pMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.
qCDR: clinical dementia rating.
rGDS: geriatric depression scale.