Table 3.

Risk and protective factors associated with DR mental health in terms of the type and volume of evidence

	Quantitative only		Qualitative only		Both
	Single	Multiple	Single	Multiple
Risk	Being single. Not having children Lower socio-economic status In final year Viewed studies as a burden Study-related self-efficacy	Uncertainty. Negative writing habits Difficulties in personal life	Competitiveness amongst peers. Lack of academic identity Pre-existing mental health problems Dissonance between personal and institutional values	No physical presence on campus Poor quality friendships Feeling like an outsider Imposter phenomenon Perfectionism Putting studies above all else Feeling like a product Powerlessness Non-white Unhealthy work culture	Being female Isolation
Protective	Positive writing habits	Five factor personality traits. Self-concept	Support from postdoctoral researchers	Involvement in non-PhD activities Being part of multiple groups (inside and outside of academia) Being authentic Seeing the bigger picture Feeling their research matters Setting realistic goals	Social support Viewing PhD as a process Positive supervisor relationship Self-care

Single = evidenced in a single study; multiple = evidenced across more than one study