Table 6:

Effect of the conditional cash payment on child survival

	(1)	(2)	(3)
Intent-to-Treat	0.0591*** (0.00992)	0.0606*** (0.00980)	0.0446*** (0.0110)
Controls	No	Yes	Yes
Observations	10697	10697	8488
Number of groups	180	180	144
p-value from permutation test	0	0	0
Control group mean	0.765	0.765	0.752

Note: The dependent variable is an indicator equal to one if the treated child (who was in-utero at enrollment) was alive at follow-up. The treatment is a cash payment of $14 paid to households if eligible pregnant women used a package of health services consisting of at least three antenatal visits, a health facility delivery, and one postnatal visit. Column 1 includes only strata (HSA) fixed effects. Column 2 adds in the following controls: dummies for mother’s age (<18, 18–24, 25–29, 30–34, and >35 years), dummies for mother’s educational attainment (no schooling, Islamic schooling, some primary school, some secondary school, and some tertiary schooling), a dummy denoting Hausa or Fulani extraction, dummies for mother’s number of prior births, dummies indicating a prior fetal loss or a stillbirth, and household wealth quintile dummies. Column 3 excludes observations in Gombe state. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the level of the health service area (HSA).

^*p < 0.1

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.01.

We also report p-values from permutation tests based on 1,000 draws from the distribution of the treatment effect estimate under the sharp null hypothesis of a zero treatment effect.