Table 7:

Where is the decrease in child mortality occurring?

	Early in-utero (fetal loss)			Late in-utero (fetal death)			Early infant death
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
Intent-to-Treat	−0.052*** (0.0083)	−0.053*** (0.0081)	−0.039*** (0.0090)	−0.011*** (0.0044)	−0.012*** (0.0043)	−0.013** (0.0053)	−0.0023 (0.0052)	−0.0034 (0.0051)	0.00036 (0.0060)
Controls	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Observations	10697	10697	8488	9521	9521	7405	9126	9126	7019
Number of groups	180	180	144	180	180	144	180	180	144
p-value from permutation test	0	0	0	0.010	0.010	0.010	0.65	0.49	0.95
Control group mean	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.052	0.052	0.059	0.061	0.061	0.066

Note: The dependent variables are in the first row of the table: a fetal loss is a pregnancy that terminated before 28 weeks; a fetal death is a pregnancy that lasted past 28 weeks where the infant was born dead; and an early infant death is one where the child was born alive but died before the follow-up interview. The treatment is a cash payment of $14 paid to households if eligible pregnant women used a package of health services consisting of at least three antenatal visits, a health facility delivery, and one postnatal visit. The first column in each Panel includes only strata (HSA) fixed effects. The second column in each panel adds in the following controls: dummies for mother’s age (<18, 18–24, 25–29, 30–34, and >35 years), dummies for mother’s educational attainment (no schooling, Islamic schooling, some primary school, some secondary school, and some tertiary schooling), a dummy denoting Hausa or Fulani extraction, dummies for mother’s number of prior births, dummies indicating a prior fetal loss or a stillbirth, and household wealth quintile dummies. The third column in each panel excludes observations in Gombe state. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the level of the health service area (HSA).

^*p < 0.1

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.01.

We also report p-values from permutation tests based on 1,000 draws from the distribution of the treatment effect estimate under the sharp null hypothesis of a zero treatment effect.