Table 7.

Effects of phytocannabinoids on drug-taking and drug-seeking behavior in experimental animals

Drug and dosage	Species	Results	References
CBD
IP 5–20 mg/kg	Mouse	↓ Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from morphine	[264]
IP 5 mg/kg	Rat	No effect on acquisition of cocaine CPP	[260]
		↑ Extinction of cocaine CPP
		No effect on reinstatement of cocaine CPP
		No effect on acquisition of amphetamine CPP
		↑ Extinction of amphetamine CPP
IP 5, 20 mg/kg	Rat	No effect on heroin self-administration	[256]
		No effect on heroin induced-reinstatement
		↓ Cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking
IP 5 mg/kg	Rat	No effect on cocaine-enhanced BSR	[258]
		↓ Expression of cocaine CPP
		↓ Morphine-enhanced BSR
		No effect on BSR by itself
IP 5, 10 mg/kg	Rat	↓ Reinstatement of morphine CPP	[262]
		↓ Reconsolidation of cocaine or morphine CPP
		↓ CPP following naltrexone-precipitated morphine withdrawal
Transdermal gel (2.5 g CBD/100g gel) for 7 days	Rat	↓ Context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking	[261]
		↓ Stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking
		↓ Stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking
IP 80 mg/kg		↓ Reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking	[254]
ICV 10 μg	Rat	↓ Reinstatement of methamphetamine CPP	[263]
IP 30, 60, 120 mg/kg	Rat	↓ Alcohol self-administration	[255]
		↓ Alcohol consumption and preference
		↓ Context-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking
IP 2–20 mg/kg	Mouse	↓ Expression of morphine CPP	[259]
		↓ Cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking
IP 20, 40 mg/kg	Rat	↓ Sucrose self-administration	[257]
IP 10, 20 mg/kg	Mouse	↓ Sucrose self-administration in WT, not in CB2-KO
IP 20–40 mg/kg	Rat	↓ Cocaine self-administration	[253]
		↓ PR responding for cocaine
		↓ Cocaine-enhanced BSR
		↓ Cocaine-induced DA release
		No effect on BSR by itself
BCP
IP 25–100 mg/kg	Mouse	↓ Alcohol consumption	[284]
		↓ Alcohol CPP
		↑ Alcohol-induced loss of righting reflex
IP 25, 50 mg/kg	Rat	↓ Nicotine self-administration	[286]
		↓ PR responding for nicotine
		↓ Nicotine-enhanced BSR
IP 25, 50 mg/kg	Mouse	↓ Optical ICSS of VTA DA neurons
Δ9-thcv
IP 10, 20 mg/kg	Rat	↓ Nicotine self-administration	[301]
IP 3, 10 mg/kg	Rat	↓ Cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking
SC 0.03–30 mg/kg	Mouse	↓ Acquisition of nicotine CPP
		↓ Anxiety during nicotine withdrawal
		↓ Withdrawal signs from nicotine

BSR brain stimulation reward, CBD cannabidiol, CB2 type 2 cannabinoid receptor, CPP conditioned place preference, DA dopamine, ICV intracerebral ventricular, ICSS intracranial self-stimulation, IP intraperitoneally, KO knock-out, PR progressive-ratio, SC subcutaneously, VTA ventral tegmental area, WT wild-type, Δ⁹-THC Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, ↓ and ↑ represent decrease and increase, respectively