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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 27.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Surg. 2020 Mar;271(3):509–518. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003093

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3.

Glucose regulation through PPARα and GPR119 signaling after VSG. A, Ad lib fed glucose levels were decreased after VSG in the WT group but no change was seen after VSG in PPARαKO mice. PPARαKO mice had overall lowered ad lib fed glucose levels compared with WT sham mice (*P < 0.05 compared with all other groups). B, Regardless of surgical intervention, PPARαKO mice had lower fasted glucose levels at baseline, 60-, and 120-min time points compared with WT mice after an oral glucose (2 g/kg) challenge (+P < 0.05, time × genotype interaction). VSG improved glucose tolerance in both genotypes at the 30- and 45-minutes time points (*P < 0.05, time × surgery interaction). C, Both WT and GPR119KO mice decreased ad lib fed glucose levels after VSG compared with sham-operated controls (aP < 0.05, main effect of surgery). D, After an oral glucose load, VSG improved glucose tolerance at the 15- and 30-minute time points in both WT and GPR119KO mice (*P < 0.05, time × surgery interaction). E, After a mixed meal gavage (EnsurePlus with 25% glucose; 200 µL), total plasma GLP-1 increased in both WT and GPR119KO groups after VSG compared with respective sham controls (aP < 0.001, main effect of surgery).