Table 5. Change in myopia prevalence and mean Spherical Equivalent Refraction (SER) of schoolchildren over time in different countries.

Author	Country	Study commenced (number)	Study completed (number)	Study duration (year)	Age (year)	Refraction method	Myopia definition		Myopia prevalence (%)		Mean SER (D)
									From	To	From	To
Chen et al [36] 2018	Eastern China	2001	2015	15	18.5	Non—cycloplegic autorefraction	≤ - 0.50	all	79.5	87.7	- 2.5	- 3.4
		(2418)	(2932)
Lam et al [5] 2011	Hong Kong	1991	2005–2010	20	6–12	Non—cycloplegic autorefraction	< - 0.50	age 6	25	18.3	- 0.03	- 0.06
	Chinese	(383)	(-)					age12	64	61.5	- 1.45	- 1.67
Lin et al [7] 2004	Taiwanese	1983	2000	18	7–18	Cycloplegic autorefraction	< - 0.25	age 7	5.8	20	0.52	0.17
		(4125)	(10878)					age 12	36.7	61	- 0.48	- 1.45
								age 15	64.2	81	- 1.49	- 2.89
Li et al [35] 2017	Beijing, China	2006	2015	10	15	Cycloplegic autorefraction	< - 0.50	all	55.95	65.48	- 2.23	-3.13
		(3657)	(3676)
Matsumura et al [33] 1999	Japan	1984	1996	13	3–17	Non—cycloplegic autorefraction	≤ - 0.50	age 7	5	15	0.50	0.50
		(-)	(-)					age 12	35	60	- 0.75	- 1.75
								age 17	49.3	65.6	- 1.75	- 2.25
Vitale et al [13] 2009	United States	1971–1972	1999–2004	30	12–17	Objective refraction or lensometry	< 0	all	24	33.9	-	-
		(-)	(-)					black	12	31.2
								white	25.8	34.5
Bar et al [34] 2005	Israeli	1990	2002	13	16–22	Non—cycloplegic autorefraction	≤ - 0.50	all	20.3	28.3	-	-
		(56639)	(83966)
McCullough et al [17] 2016	Northern Ireland	2006–2008	2011–2014	6	12–13	Cycloplegic autorefraction	≤ - 0.50	all	16.4	14.6	- 1.25	- 1.25
		(669)	(212)
		1960	2011–2014	50		Cycloplegic autorefraction	≤ - 0.50	all	7.2	14.6	1.8	1.13
		(-)	(212)						(age 10–16)	(age 12–13)	(age 7)	(age 7)
French et al [14] 2013	Sydney, urban	2004–2005	2009–2011	6	12	Cycloplegic autorefraction	≤ - 0.50	all	13	14.4	0.38	0.31
		(2353)	(1084)					European
								Caucasian	4.4	8.3
								East Asian	38.5	42.7
Junghans et al [16] 2005	Sydney, urban	1990	1998–2004	10	4–12	Non—cycloplegic retinoscopy	≤ - 0.50	all	6.5	8.4	0.50	0.45
		(2535)	(1936)					age 4	2	2.3
								age 12	10.9	14.7
Current study	Sydney,	2014	2018	5	6–15	Non—cycloplegic retinoscopy	≤ - 0.50	all	3.8	4.3	0.88	0.60
	disadvantaged	(1599)	(1499)					age 7	1.4	1.7	1.09	0.94
								age 12	6.4	4.6	1.01	0.69
								age 15	6.8	6.4	0.62	0.58
		1976 (1166)	2014–2018 (4365)	40	6–15	Non—cycloplegic retinoscopy	≤ - 0.50	male	3.3	4.9	-	0.76
								female	3.8	5.4		0.83