Fig. 5.

In vivo testing and histological staining of the middle layers of the three types of IVD scaffolds. a) Gross morphology of the IVD scaffolds after subcutaneous implantation in nude mice. b) Digital photos of the three IVD scaffolds six months after implantation (from top to bottom are the pure IVD, cells/IVD and dual-GFs/cells/IVD scaffolds). c) Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining of middle layers of the three IVD scaffolds at low and high magnifications. Scale bars: (a) = 10 mm, (b) = 10 mm, (c, low) = 5 mm, (c, high) = 100 μm.