Table 2. Characteristics of HFMD patients positive for different viruses.
| EV-A71 (N = 340) | CV-A6 (N = 196) | CV-A10 (N = 95) | CV-A16 (N = 137) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Median age in month (range) | 22.07 (4.17–118.20) | 15.50 (4.40–55.40) | 15.23 (2.40–77.17) | 20.70 (8.97–106.07) | <0.001 (*) |
| Sex (male/female) | 215 /125 | 142/54 | 55/40 | 80/57 | 0.107 |
| HCMC origin (n, %) | 158 (46.5) | 91 (46.4) | 52/43 | 73/64 | 0.023 |
| Day from onset to enrolment | 2 (0–7) | 1 (0–10) | 1 (0–5) | 1 (0–5) | <0.001* |
| Length of stay in the hospitals (days) | 4 (1–26) | 3 (1–31) | 3 (1–8) | 3 (1–12) | <0.001* |
| Environmental factors | |||||
| Attend day care centers or school (n, %) | 96 (28.2) | 33 (16.8) | 12 (12.6) | 37 (27.0) | 0.001 |
| Number of siblings (median, range) | 1 (0–6) | 0 (0–5) | 1 (0–13) | 1 (0–5) | 0.285* |
| Exposure to HFMD patients (n, %) | 68 (20.0) | 17 (8.7) | 10 (10.5) | 16 (11.7) | 0.001 |
| Clinical features (n, %) | |||||
| Skin lesions | 324 (95.3) | 182 (92.9) | 57 (60.0) | 132 (96.4) | <0.001 |
| vesicle | 131 (38.5) | 35 (17.9) | 27 (28.4) | 19 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| papular | 97 (28.5) | 67 (34.2) | 18 (18.9) | 63 (46.0) | <0.001 |
| mix | 96 (28.2) | 80 (40.8) | 12 (12.6) | 50 (36.5) | <0.001 |
| Skin lesions on palms or soles (n, %) | 307 (90.3) | 173 (88.3) | 33 (34.7) | 126 (92.0) | <0.001 |
| Skin lesions on knees or elbows (n, %) | 192 (56.5) | 147 (75.0) | 30 (31.6) | 113 (82.5) | <0.001 |
| Skin lesions on buttocks (n, %) | 248 (72.9) | 159 (81.1) | 48 (50.5) | 108 (78.8) | <0.001 |
| Mouth ulcers (n, %) | 295 (86.8) | 172 (87.8) | 94 (98.9) | 131 (95.6) | <0.001 |
| Fever | 304 (89.4) | 136 (69.4) | 75 (78.9) | 78 (56.9) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 76 (22.4) | 39 (19.9) | 26 (27.4) | 31 (22.6) | 0.560 |
| Runny nose | 54 (15.9) | 32 (16.3) | 22 (23.2) | 36 (26.3) | 0.032 |
| Diarrhea | 25 (7.4) | 10 (5.1) | 11 (11.6) | 11 (8.0) | 0.263 |
| Drowsiness | 143 (42.1) | 22 (11.2) | 9 (9.5) | 8 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Sweating | 8 (2.4) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.5) | 0.833 |
| Vomiting | 175 (51.5) | 85 (43.4) | 30 (31.6) | 43 (31.4) | <0.001 |
| Irritability | 164 (48.2) | 38 (19.4) | 11 (11.6) | 24 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Myoclonus | 233 (68.5) | 64 (32.7) | 33 (34.7) | 38 (27.7) | <0.001 |
| Lethargy | 17 (5.0) | 2 (1.0) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (0.7) | 0.015 |
| Tremor | 88 (25.9) | 6 (3.1) | 3 (3.2) | 1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Ataxia | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | 0.557 |
| Nystagmus | 1 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.739 |
| Limb weakness | 5 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (0.7) | 0.484 |
| Hypertension | 47 (13.8) | 5 (2.6) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Diagnosis and lab results | |||||
| White blood cells (x1000) | 12.5 (3.2–31.8) | 12.9 (4.2–76.0) | 14.55 (5.0–34.7) | 11.6 (2.5–45.5) | <0.001* |
| Platelet | 350.5 (29–844) | 324 (35–849) | 308.5 (68–590) | 324 (74–741) | <0.001* |
| Blood glucose (mg/L) | 100 (42–198) | 102 (42–174) | 96 (48–212) | 104.5 (42–195) | 0.596* |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.25 (0–74) | 19.9 (1.0–620) | 25.1 (1.0–187.0) | 8 (0.4–79.8) | <0.001* |
| Highest grade (n, %) | |||||
| 1 | 50 (14.7) | 55 (28.1) | 14 (14.7) | 63 (46.0) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 113 (33.2) | 125 (63.8) | 76 (80.0) | 60 (43.8) | <0.001 |
| 2B1 | 32 (9.4) | 5 (2.6) | 3 (3.2) | 8 (5.8) | 0.007 |
| 2B2 | 50 (14.7) | 4 (2.0) | 0 | 1 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 89 (26.2) | 7 (3.6) | 2 (2.1) | 5 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 6 (1.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.055 |
| Treatments (n, %) | |||||
| Milrinon | 49 (14.4) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 1 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.285 |
| IVIg | 135 (15.6) | 10 (5.1) | 2 (2.1) | 6 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Outcome (n, %) | |||||
| Full recovery | 331 (97.4) | 195 (99.5) | 95 (100) | 135 (98.5) | 0.137 |
| Recovery with complication | 7 (2.1) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0.290 |
| Death | 2 (0.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.417 |
Note to Table 2: *Kruskal-Wallis test; Binary variables: Chi-Square test