Table 4. Associations between characteristics of Shigella-attributable diarrhea episodes and culture positivity among 736 attributable diarrhea episodes tested by qPCR and culture1.
| Episode characteristic | N episodes | N (%) culture positive | Univariable2 Risk ratio (95% CI) |
Multivariable3 Risk ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | ||||
| 0–5 | 15 | 1 (6.7) | 0.25 (0.04, 1.70) | 0.19 (0.02, 1.51) |
| 6–11 | 116 | 13 (11.2) | 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) | 0.51 (0.30, 0.88) |
| 12–17 | 246 | 44 (17.9) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.14) | 0.86 (0.62, 1.20) |
| 18–23 | 326 | 68 (20.9) | 1. | 1. |
| Severe (score ≥4) | 211 | 35 (16.6) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.28) | --3 |
| Blood | 103 | 30 (29.1) | 1.53 (1.09, 2.15) | 1.84 (1.28, 2.65) |
| Fever | 225 | 35 (15.6) | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.66 (0.45, 0.95) |
| Prolonged (≥7 days) | 137 | 29 (21.2) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 0.84 (0.55, 1.29) |
| Persistent (≥14 days) | 26 | 6 (23.1) | 0.89 (0.40, 1.96) | --3 |
| Dehydration | 71 | 20 (28.2) | 1.22 (0.80, 1.86) | 1.17 (0.77, 1.78) |
| Vomiting | 131 | 22 (16.8) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.36) | 1.13 (0.73, 1.75) |
| No. loose stools (mean; SD) | 5.8 (2.64) | 6.0 (2.37) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) |
| Any antibiotic treatment in the last 15 days | 420 | 65 (15.5) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.20) | --3 |
| Macrolide treatment in the last 15 days | 146 | 10 (6.9) | 0.64 (0.33, 1.22) | 0.57 (0.30, 1.08) |
| Cephalosporin treatment in the last 15 days | 66 | 14 (21.2) | 1.04 (0.64, 1.69) | 0.95 (0.57, 1.60) |
| Fluoroquinolone treatment in the last 15 days | 77 | 9 (11.7) | 0.95 (0.52, 1.73) | 0.71 (0.38, 1.32) |
1Analysis excludes Brazil, South Africa, and Tanzania, which had 5 or fewer culture-positive attributable diarrhea episodes
2Adjusted for site
3Adjusted for other characteristics included in the table; estimates are excluded for composite (collinear) variables