Table 5. Risk factors for Shigella infection among 41,405 diarrheal and non-diarrheal stools.
| Univariate1 analysis | Multivariate2 analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Risk ratio (95% CI) | P-value | |||
| Diarrheal stool (Ref: non-diarrheal stool) | 1.86 | (1.74, 1.99) | <0.0001 | 1.97 | (1.85, 2.10) | <0.0001 |
| Household level factors | ||||||
| Exchange rate adjusted income < $150 dollar (Ref: income > = $150) | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.17) | 0.2 | |||
| Earth, sand, clay, mud, dung floor (Ref: Wooden, concrete, vinyl etc.) | 1.09 | (0.98, 1.23) | 0.1 | |||
| Unimproved sanitation | 1.21 | (1.09, 1.35) | 0.0005 | 1.15 | (1.03, 1.29) | 0.01 |
| Unimproved source of drinking water | 1.05 | (0.93, 1.18) | 0.4 | |||
| Crowding (2+ people per room) | 1.09 | (1.00, 1.19) | 0.05 | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.14) | 0.4 |
| Ownership of cattle | 1.01 | (0.90, 1.13) | 0.9 | |||
| Ownership of chicken | 0.98 | (0.88, 1.09) | 0.7 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| <10 years of maternal education | 1.19 | (1.08, 1.32) | 0.0005 | 1.14 | (1.03, 1.26) | 0.01 |
| Maternal BMI (Ref. 18.5–22.9 kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 1.10 | (0.96, 1.25) | 0.2 | |||
| ≥23 kg/m2 | 1.02 | (0.95, 1.11) | 0.6 | |||
| 3 or more living children | 1.08 | (1.00, 1.17) | 0.05 | 1.01 | (0.94, 1.10) | 0.7 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Age (months) (Ref. 0–5 months) | ||||||
| 6–11 | 4.13 | (3.49, 4.88) | <0.0001 | 3.93 | (3.32, 4.64) | <0.0001 |
| 12–17 | 7.04 | (5.95, 8.32) | <0.0001 | 6.84 | (5.78, 8.09) | <0.0001 |
| 18–23 | 9.78 | (8.30, 11.53) | <0.0001 | 9.66 | (8.19, 11.39) | <0.0001 |
| Female sex (Ref: Male) | 1.00 | (0.93, 1.07) | 1.0 | |||
| Exclusive breastfeeding < 3 months | 1.09 | (1.00, 1.19) | 0.06 | |||
| Complementary foods initiated < 3 months | 1.11 | (1.02, 1.21) | 0.02 | 1.10 | (1.01, 1.20) | 0.03 |
| WAZ at enrollment | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.03) | 0.7 | |||
| LAZ at enrollment3 | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.03) | 0.7 | |||
| WLZ3 | 0.80 | (0.77, 0.83) | <0.0001 | |||
| WAZ | 0.79 | (0.76, 0.82) | <0.0001 | 0.91 | (0.88, 0.95) | <0.0001 |
| LAZ3 | 0.73 | (0.71, 0.76) | <0.0001 | |||
| Days with diarrhea (past 3 months; per 7 day increase) | 1.09 | (1.05, 1.13) | <0.0001 | 1.06 | (1.02, 1.09) | 0.002 |
| Antibiotic use (past 15 days) | 1.13 | (1.06, 1.20) | 0.0002 | |||
| Antibiotic use (past 30 days) | 1.02 | (0.96, 1.09) | 0.6 | |||
| Macrolide use (past 15 days) | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.14) | 0.9 | |||
| Macrolide use (past 30 days) | 0.92 | (0.81, 1.05) | 0.2 | |||
| Cephalosporin use (past 15 days) | 0.97 | (0.85, 1.11) | 0.7 | |||
| Cephalosporin use (past 30 days) | 0.89 | (0.77, 1.01) | 0.08 | |||
| Fluoroquinolone use (past 15 days)4 | 1.67 | (1.43, 1.94) | <0.0001 | |||
| Fluoroquinolone use (past 30 days) | 1.54 | (1.29, 1.86) | <0.0001 | 1.10 | (0.93, 1.31) | 0.3 |
1Adjusted for site.
2Adjusted for site and other variables in table with multivariate estimates.
3Excludes Pakistan.
4Not included in multivariable model since collinear with fluoroquinolone use in past 30 days.