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. 2020 Aug 14;6(1):191–207. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.001

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© 2020 [The Author/The Authors]

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Surface characterizations of various samples. (a) SEM images of the surface morphologies of various samples at low and high magnifications (i, ii, ii, and iv present Ti, Zn-Ti, Cu-Ti, and Ag-Ti, respectively). (b) AFM images of (i, ii, ii, and iv) two-dimensional morphologies, (v, vi, vii, and vii) three-dimensional morphologies, and (ix, x, xi, and xii) the depth profiles of different samples (i, v, and ix present Ti; ii, vi, and x present Zn-Ti; ii, vii and xi present Cu-Ti; iv, vii and xii present Ag-Ti). (c) XPS spectra of the Zn-Ti, Cu-Ti, and Ag-Ti samples. (d) The concentrations of implanted ions in PBS solution after immersion for 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d.