Table 2.
Questions asked to students and the expected correct answers according to the state of the art.
| Topic Asked questions |
Expected correct answers | References |
|---|---|---|
| Identification of the student | N.A. | N.A. |
| Please mention your date of birth? | ||
| Please check the box (Male/Female)? | ||
| Where you are living (district)? | ||
| What is your study level? | ||
| Student's choices | N.A. | N.A. |
| Why did you choose veterinary studies? | ||
| What is (are) your preferred animal species? | ||
| Which animal species do you own? | ||
| Students' knowledge about ticks and tick-borne pathogens | ||
| Did you hear about ticks? | N.A. | |
| On which occasion did you hear about ticks? | N.A. | |
| How many tick species exist in your country? | 15–23 | (Estrada-Peña et al., 2004; Walker et al., 2003) |
| What are the most frequent tick species in your country? |
Tunisia:Rhipicephalus (annulatus, bursa, sanguineus, turanicus), Hyalomma (dromedarii, excavatum, marginatum, scupense), Haemaphysalis (sulcata, punctata), Ixodes ricinus Algeria:Rhipicephalus (sanguineus, turanicus), Hyalomma (dromedarii, excavatum, impeltatum, lusitanicum, marginatum, scupense), Haemaphysalis (sulcata), Ixodes ricinus Egypt:Rhipicephalus (annulatus, sanguineus), Hyalomma (anatolicum, dromedarii, excavatum) |
(Estrada-Peña et al., 2004; Walker et al., 2003) |
| Which animal species do ticks infest? | Livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dromedaries), dogs Wild animals (lizards, birds, small mammals, large mammals) |
(Colebrook and Wall, 2004) (André, 2018) |
| How do animals get ticks? | From contact with infested animals From soil during grazing From infested barns |
(Estrada-Peña and de la Fuente, 2014) |
| What is (are) the pathogenic role of ticks? | Blood spoliation/Anaemia Pathogens transmission Skin lesions and irritation |
(Jongejan and Uilenberg, 1994) |
| What is (are) the name(s) of tick-borne disease(s) in your country | Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Theileriosis | (Ben Said et al., 2018; Gharbi et al., 2020; Schnittger et al., 2012) |
| On which period of the year, these tick-borne diseases are transmitted in your country? | Depends on the pathogen species and the region | (Walker et al., 2003) |
| Do ticks transmit zoonotic agents to humans? | Yes | (de la Fuente et al., 2008) |
| If yes, mention those you know | Babesia divergens, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.,, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia spp., Francisella tularensis, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus | (Boulanger et al., 2019) |
| What are the control measures against ticks? | Acaricide application on animals and their barns | (Sonenshine et al., 2002) |
| Is treatment efficient against ticks? | Yes | (De Meneghi et al., 2016) |
| What are the names of the anti-tick drugs available in your country? | Active compounds: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, carbamate, amitraz, fipronil | (Nicholson et al., 2019) |
| What are the negative effects of these drugs? | Residues, Toxicity for humans or environment and animals, Increase resistance of ticks to drugs, Allergy/skin irritation/hypersensitivity | (Kunz and Kemp, 1994) |
| Perception on climate's impact on ticks and tick control | ||
| Do you think that climate influences on ticks? | Yes | (Ogden and Lindsay, 2016) |
| How does climate influence ticks? | Increase/decrease of the tick population Increase/decrease of the geographic area |
(Domșa et al., 2016) |
| What is/are the benefit(s) from the tick control? | Decrease of TBP impact, Improvement of animal health and production, Protection of public health | (Rajput et al., 2006) |
| Why some farmers don't implement tick control measures? | Ignorance, Financial constraints | (Mugambi et al., 2012; Moyo and Masika, 2009) |
N.A.: not applicable.