Table 5.
Knowledge about ticks and tick-borne pathogens among veterinary medicine students in three veterinary education establishments in Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt, respectively, before and after getting courses of parasitology.
| Number in the group/Number of questioned students (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topic of the question (Answers) |
Algeria |
Tunisia |
Egypt |
Overalls |
||||
| Before (n = 49) | After (n = 116) | Before (n = 50) | After (n = 68) | Before (n = 89) | After (n = 186) | Before (n = 188) | After (n = 370) | |
| Hearing about ticks | ||||||||
| Yes | 28/49 (57.2)x,aa | 96/116 (82.7)y,ab | 45/50 (90) x,ab | 67/68 (98.5) x,ab | 34/89 (38.2) x,aa | 172/186 (92.5) y,ab | 107/188 (56.9) x,aa | 335/370 (90.5) y,ab |
| No | 21/49 (42.8) | 20/116 (17.3) | 5/50 (10) | 1/68 (1.5) | 55/89 (61.8) | 14/186 (7.5) | 81/188 (43.1) | 35/370 (9.5) |
| The occasion hearing about ticks | ||||||||
| During parasitological courses or veterinary studies | 2/28 (7) x,ab | 70/96 (72.9) y,ab | 5/45 (11) x,aa | 44/67 (65.6) y,ab | 8/34 (23) x,aa | 82/172 (44.1) y,ab | 15/107 (14) x,ab | 196/335 (58.5) y,ab |
| During childhood or scholarship | 4/28 (14) | 7/96 (7.3) | 4/45 (9) | 2/67 (2.9) | 7/34 (21) | 3/172 (1.6) | 15/107 (14) | 12/335 (3.6) |
| I saw ticks on my own animal or the animal of parent/friend | 13/28 (46) | 12/96 (12.5) | 19/45 (42) | 14/67 (20.9) | 7/34 (21) | 4/172 (2.2) | 39/107 (36.5) | 30/335 (8.9) |
| Through mass media or general culture | 2/28 (7) | 0/96 (0) | 9/45 (20) | 3/67 (4.5) | 3/34 (9) | 3/172 (1.6) | 14/107 (13.1) | 6/335 (1.8) |
| No answer | 7/28 (25) | 7/96 (7.3) | 6/45 (13) | 3/67 (4.5) | 9/34 (26) | 60/172 (39.8) | 22/107 (20.6) | 70/335 (20.9) |
| Other | 0/28 (0) | 0/96 (0) | 2/45 (5) | 1/67 (1.5) | 0/34 (0) | 20/172 (10.8) | 2/107 (1.9) | 21/335 (6.3) |
| Number of tick species in your country | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 6/49 (12) x,ab | 2/116 (1.7) y,ab | 2/50 (4) x,ab | 8/68 (11.8) y,ab | 0/89 (0) x,ab | 9/186 (5) y,ab | 8/188 (4.3) x,ab | 19/370 (5.1) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 0/49 (0) | 33/116 (28.5) | 6/50 (12) | 34/68 (50) | 9/89 (10.1) | 57/186 (28.7) | 15/188 (8) | 124/370 (33.5) |
| No answer | 43/49 (88) | 81/116 (69.8) | 42/50 (84) | 26/68 (38.2) | 80/89 (89.9) | 120/186 (66.3) | 165/188 (87.7) | 227/370 (61.4) |
| The most frequent tick species in your country | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 0/49 (0) x,ab | 4/116 (3.4) y,ab | 0/50 (0) x,ab | 59⁎/68 (47.2) y,ab | 2/89 (2.3) x,ab | 4/186 (2.2) y,ab | 2/188 (1.1) x,ab | 67⁎/370 (18.1) y,ab |
| Ixodes spp. | 0 | 2 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 |
| Rhipicephalus spp. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 47 |
| Hyalomma spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 |
| Boophilus spp. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 |
| Amblyomma spp. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Wrong answers | 1/49 (2) | 3/116 (2.6) | 2/50 (4) | 3/68 (1.4) | 7/89 (7.8) | 67/186 (35.6) | 10/188 (5.3) | 73/370 (19.7) |
| No answer | 48/49 (98) | 109/116 (94) | 48/50 (96) | 6/68 (4.4) | 80/89 (87.9) | 115/186 (60.2) | 176/188 (93.6) | 230/370 (62.2) |
| Animal species that could be infested by ticks | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 17/49 (35) x,ab | 96/116 (82.8) y,ab | 46/50 (92) x,ab | 67/68 (98.5) x,ab | 19/89 (21.3) x,ab | 114/186 (59.2) y,ab | 82/188 (43.6) x,ab | 277/370 (74.9) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 2/49 (4) | 10/116 (8.6) | 0/50 (0) | 0/68 (0) | 0/89 (0) | 10/186 (0) | 2/188 (1.1) | 20/370 (5.4) |
| No answer | 30/49 (61) | 10/116 (8.6) | 4/50 (8) | 1/68 (1.5) | 70/89 (78.7) | 62/186 (40.8) | 104/188 (55.3) | 73/370 (19.7) |
| Ways animals getting ticks | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 4/49 (8) x,ab | 91⁎/116 (79.8) y,ab | 26⁎/50 (58) x,ab | 34⁎/68 (50) y,ab | 55⁎/89 (61.8) x,ab | 118⁎/186 (63.4) y,ab | 85/188 (45.2) x,ab | 243/370 (65.7) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 0/49 (0) | 2/116 (1.7) | 5/50 (10) | 27/68 (39.7) | 1/89 (1.1) | 31/186 (16.7) | 6/188 (0.5) | 60/370 (16.2) |
| No answer | 45/49 (92) | 23/116 (19.8) | 19/50 (42) | 7/68 (10.3) | 33/89 (37.1) | 37/186 (19.9) | 97/188 (51.6) | 67/370 (18.1) |
| The pathogenic role(s) of ticks | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 6⁎/50 (12) x,ab | 83⁎/116 (71.6) y,ab | 29⁎/50 (58) x,ab | 64⁎/68 (94.1) y,ab | 14⁎/89 (15.7) x,ab | 118⁎/186 (63.4) y,ab | 49/188 (26.1) x,ab | 265/370 (71.6) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 0/50 (0) | 1/116 (0.9) | 1/50 (2) | 3/68 (4.4) | 0/89 | 18/186 (9.7) | 1/188 (0.5) | 22/370 (6) |
| No answer | 43/50 (88) | 32/116 (27.6) | 20/50 (40) | 1/68 (1.5) | 75/89 (84.3) | 50/186 (26.9) | 138/188 (73.4) | 83/370 (22.4) |
| The name(s) of tick-borne disease(s) in the country | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 0/49 (2) x,ab | 33⁎/116 (28.4) y,ab | 0/50 (0) x,ab | 64⁎/68 (94.1) y,ab | 7⁎/89 (7.9) x,ab | 69⁎/186 (37.1) y,aa | 8⁎/188 (4.3) x,ab | 166⁎/370 (43) y,ab |
| Babesiosis | 0 | 24 | 0 | 45 | 7 | 63 | 7 | 132 |
| Theileriosis | 0 | 17 | 0 | 43 | 6 | 63 | 6 | 123 |
| Anaplasmosis | 0 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 21 |
| Other | 1 | 5 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 53 |
| Wrong answers | 2/49 (4) | 25/116 (21.6) | 4/50 (8) | 2/68 (2.9) | 3/89 (3.4) | 50/186 (26.9) | 9/188 (4.8) | 77/370 (20.8) |
| No answer | 46/49 (94) | 58/116 (50) | 46/50 (92) | 2/68 (2.9) | 79/89 (88.8) | 67/186 (36) | 171/188 (91) | 127/370 (34.2) |
| Period of the year, the cited tick-borne diseases occur in the country | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 0/49 (0) x,ab | 2/116 (1.7) y,ab | 0/50 (0) x,ab | 7/68(10.3) y,ab | 0/89 (0) x,ab | 4/186 (2.2) y,ab | 0/188 (0) x,ab | 13/370 (3.5) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 5/49 (10) | 86/116 (74.1) | 15/50 (30) | 53/68(77.9) | 14/89 (15.7) | 114/186 (61.3) | 34/188 (18.1) | 253/370 (68.4) |
| No answer | 44/49 (90) | 28/116 (24.2) | 35/50 (70) | 8/68(11.8) | 75/89 (84.3) | 68/186 (36.6) | 154/188 (81.9) | 104/370 (28.1) |
| Transmission of zoonotic pathogens by ticks to humans | ||||||||
| Yes | 9/49 (18) x,ab | 57/116 (49.2) y,ab | 14/50 (28) x,ab | 47/68 (69.2) y,ab | 14/89 (15.7) x,ab | 112/186 (60.2) y,ab | 37/188 (19.7) x,ab | 216/370 (58.4) y,ab |
| No | 0/49 (0) | 7/116 (6) | 8/50 (16) | 3/68 (4.4) | 2/89 (2.3) | 21/186 (11.3) | 10/188 (5.3) | 31/370 (8.4) |
| No answer | 40/49 (82) | 52/116 (44.8) | 28/50 (56) | 18/68 (26.4) | 73/89 (82) | 53/186 (28.5) | 141/188 (75) | 123/370 (33.3) |
| The name of zoonosis transmitted by ticks to humans | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 0/9 (0) x,ab | 2/57 (3.5) x,ab | 0/14 (0) x,ab | 33/47 (70) y,ab | 4/14 (29) x,aa | 28/112 (12.3) x,aa | 4/37 (11) x,ab | 63/216 (29.2) y,ab |
| Borreliosis/Lyme disease | 0 | 2 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| Q fever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 11 |
| Tularemia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 2 | 15 |
| Others | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 7 |
| Wrong answers | 2/9 (22) | 3/57 (5.3) | 1/14 (7) | 7/47 (15) | 3/14 (21) | 41/112 (18) | 6/37 (16) | 51/216 (23.6) |
| No answer | 7/9 (78) | 52/57 (91.2) | 13/14 (93) | 7/47 (15) | 7/14 (50) | 43/112 (57.5) | 27/37 (73) | 102/216 (47.2) |
| Measures to control ticks | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 7⁎/49 (14) x,ab | 94⁎/116 (81) y,ab | 24⁎/50 (48) x,ab | 53⁎/68 (77.9) y,ab | 12⁎/89 (13.5) x,ab | 88⁎/186 (47.3) y,ab | 43⁎/188 (22.9) x,ab | 235⁎/370 (63.5) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 0/49(0) | 1/116 (0.9) | 5/50 (10) | 11/68 (16.2) | 2/89 (2.2) | 61/186 (32.8) | 7/188 (3.7) | 73/370 (19.7) |
| No answer | 42/49(86) | 21/116 (18.1) | 21/50 (42) | 4/68 (5.9) | 75/89 (84.3) | 37/186 (19.9) | 138/188 (73.4) | 62/370 (16.8) |
| Efficiency of treatment to control ticks | ||||||||
| Yes | 4/49 (8.16) x,ab | 43/116 (37.1) y,ab | 19/50 (38) x,ab | 19/68 (27.94) y,aa | 8/89 (9) x,ab | 83/186 (44.62) y,ab | 31/188 (16.5) x,ab | 145/370 (39.2) y,ab |
| No | 1/49 (2.04) | 22/116 (19) | 1/50 (2) | 35/68 (51.5) | 2/89 (2.3) | 19/186 (10.22) | 4/188 (2.2) | 76/370 (20.6) |
| No answer | 44/49 (90) | 51/116 (44) | 30/50 (60) | 14/68 (20.6) | 79/89 (88.7) | 84/186 (45.2) | 153/188 (81.4) | 149/370 (40.3) |
| The names of anti-tick drugs available in the country | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 0/49 (0) x,ab | 17/116 (14.6) y,ab | 7/50 (14) x,ab | 38/68 (55.9) y,ab | 2/89 (2.2) x,ab | 11/186 (5.9) y,ab | 9/188 (4.8) x,ab | 66/370 (17.9) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 1/49 (2) | 12/116 (10.4) | 2/50 (4) | 21/68 (30.9) | 7/89 (7.9) | 94/186 (50.5) | 10/188 (5.3) | 127/370 (34.3) |
| No answer | 48/49 (98) | 87/116 (75) | 41/50 (82) | 9/68 (13.2) | 80/89 (89.9) | 81/186 (43.5) | 169/188 (89.9) | 177/370 (47.8) |
| The negative effects of the anti-ticks drugs | ||||||||
| Correct answers | 1/49 (2) x,ab | 12⁎/116 (10.3) y,ab | 10/50 (20) x,ab | 35⁎/68 (51.5) y,ab | 12⁎/89 (13.5) x,ab | 85⁎/186 (45.7) y,ab | 23⁎/188 (12.2) x,ab | 132⁎/370 (35.7) y,ab |
| Wrong answers | 1/49 (2) | 30/116 (25.9) | 1/50 (2) | 4/68 (5.9) | 0/89 | 14/186 (7.5) | 2/188 (1.1) | 48/370 (12.9) |
| No answer | 47/49 (96) | 74/116 (63.8) | 39/50 (78) | 29/68 (42.6) | 77/89 (86.5) | 87/186 (46.8) | 163/188 (86.7) | 190/370 (51.4) |
Italic for multiple choices frequencies within the correct answers, not included in statistic's calculation.
xy: Percentages within the same line within the same country are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.
ab: Percentages within the same column within the same group “before” or “after” are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.
⁎
The sum is corresponding to total students and different from total answers for multiple choices questions.