Table 2.
Signaling pathways regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
| Pathways | OSF | OSCC |
|---|---|---|
| TGF-β signaling | ↑ Transforming growth factor β1 & β2 [59,145] | ↑ Transforming growth factor β1 & β2 (TGFB1 & TGFB2) [150,151] |
| ↑ Collagen type 1(COL1A1) [113,146] | ↑ Collagen type 1, 4 (COL1A1, COL4A1) [127] | |
| ↑ Type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) [147] | ↑ Type I plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) [152] | |
| ↑ Thrombospondin1 (THBS1) [148] | ↑ Thrombospondin1 (THBS1) [151] | |
| ↓ Bone Morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) [57] | ↑ Bone Morphogenetic protein 7, 2 (BMP7, 2) [153] | |
| ↑ SMAD2 [149] | ↓ SMAD7 [154] | |
| RTK signaling | ↑ Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) [94] | ↑ Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) [97] |
| ↑ Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [155] | ↑ Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [102] | |
| ↑ Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [86] | ↑ Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [89] | |
| ↑ Fibroblast growth factors 2 (FGF2) [156] | ↑ Fibroblast growth factors 2(FGF2) [156] | |
| ↑ Epidermal growth factor (EGF) [90] | ↑ Epidermal growth factor (EGF) [93,158] | |
| ↑ Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)(TNFa) [157] | ↑ Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) | |
| (TNFa) [159] | ||
| Hypoxia signaling pathway | ↑ Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) [133] | ↑ Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) [135] |
| Wnt signaling | ↓ Secreted frizzled related proteins 1, 5 (SFRP1,5) [160] | ↓Secreted frizzled related proteins 1,4, 5 (SFRP1, SFRP4, SFRP5) [110] |
| ↓ -β - catenin (membranous loss) (CTNNB1) [11] | ↓ -β - catenin (membranous loss) (CTNNB1) [161] | |
| ↓ Wnt Inhibitory factor (WIF1) [107] | ↓ Wnt Inhibitory factor (WIF1) [108] | |
| ↓Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3 (DKK3) [105,106] | ↓ Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3 (DKK3) [108] | |
| MAPk/ERK pathway | ↑c-myc (MYC) [80] | ↑ c-myc (MYC) [110] |
| Akt/mTOR pathway | ↓ Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) [72] | ↓ Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) [162,163] |
| ↑ PHLPP2 [[68]] | ||
| Matrix signaling pathway | ↑ αvβ6 Integrin (ITGB6) [125] | ↑ αvβ6 Integrin (ITGB6) [127] |
| ↑ β1 integrin (ITGB1) [126] | ↑ β1 integrin (ITGB1) [126] | |
| ↓ Matrix Metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1) [114,164] | ↑ Matrix Metallopeptidase 1, 2, 7, 9 (MMP1, MMP2, MMP7, MMP9) [116] | |
| ↑ Matrix Metallopeptidase 2, 9 (MMP2, MMP9) [113] | ↑ Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) (NFKB1) [165] | |
| ↑ Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) (NFKB1) [128] |