Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants (n = 1134).
| Age (years) | 45.2 ± 2.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 4.1 |
| Race | |
| White American, n (%) | 267 (23.5) |
| Black American, n (%) | 84 (7.4) |
| Japanese American, n (%) | 242 (21.3) |
| Japanese, n (%) | 308 (27.2) |
| Korean, n (%) | 233 (20.6) |
| Smoking status | |
| Never, n (%) | 512 (45.2) |
| Former, n (%) | 314 (27.7) |
| Current, n (%) | 308 (27.2) |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 556 (49.0) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.0 ± 14.0 |
| Medications for hypertension, n (%) | 111 (9.8) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 254 (22.4) |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 105.1 ± 18.1 |
| Medications for diabetes, n (%) | 21 (1.9) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 80 (7.1) |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 127.1 ± 34.9 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 50.2 ± 13.5 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 207.9 ± 37.9 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 131.5 (95.0, 190.0) |
| Medications for hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 105 (9.3) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 781 (68.9) |
| CAC score | 0 (0, 4.5) |
| CAC score ≥10, n (%) | 215 (19.0) |
| VBD (HU) | 175.4 ± 36.3 |
The mean ± standard deviation is shown unless otherwise mentioned. The median (interquartile range) is shown in triglyceride and the CAC score. BMI = body-mass index; CAC = coronary artery calcification; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VBD = vertebrae bone density.