Table 4.
Meta-analysis results of selected cancer types for cancer incidence and mortality stratified by region
| Disease (ICD-10 code) | Region | # Studies | Study IDs | mRR (95% CI) | I2 (p value) | τ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer incidence | ||||||
| All cancer (C00–C97) | Overall | 9 | 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 22, 23 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 91.3 (< 0.001) | 0.010 |
| USA + Canada | 3 | 8, 10, 18 | 1.01 (0.84–1.18) | 96.9 (< 0.001) | 0.021 | |
| Europe | 3 | 16, 22, 23 | 0.98 (0.82–1.14) | 90.7 (< 0.001) | 0.018 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 3 | 1, 6, 13 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 58.7 (0.089) | 0.003 | |
| Stomach (C16) | Overall | 8 | 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 23 | 1.08 (0.80–1.35) | 71.1 (0.001) | 0.109 |
| USA + Canada | 3 | 8, 10, 18 | 0.98 (0.46–1.50) | 87.9 (< 0.001) | 0.156 | |
| Europe | 2 | 16, 23 | 1.45 (0.67–2.23) | 74.6 (0.047) | 0.281 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 3 | 1, 6, 13 | 0.93 (0.77–1.10) | 0 (0.894) | 0 | |
| Pancreas (C25) | Overall | 8 | 1, 6, 10, 13, 16, 18, 22, 23 | 1.08 (0.88–1.28) | 39.8 (0.114) | 0.021 |
| USA + Canada | 2 | 10, 18, | 0.71 (0.25–1.18) | 48.9 (0.162) | 0.029 | |
| Europe | 3 | 16, 22, 23 | 1.23 (1.01–1.45) | 0 (0.530) | 0.005 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 3 | 1, 6, 13 | 1.05 (0.71–1.39) | 0 (0.908) | 0 | |
| Trachea and lung combined (C33–C34) | Overall | 8 | 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 23 | 0.91 (0.78–1.03) | 87.7 (< 0.001) | 0 |
| USA + Canada | 3 | 8, 10, 18 | 0.93 (0.63–1.23) | 95.5 (< 0.001) | 0.062 | |
| Europe | 2 | 16, 23 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 22.9 (0.255) | 0 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 3 | 1, 6, 13 | 0.83 (0.68–0.98) | 0 (0.417) | 0 | |
| Skin combined (C43–C44) | Overall | 7 | 6, 10, 13, 16, 18, 22, 23 | 1.16 (0.98–1.35) | 74.2 (0.001) | 0.042 |
| USA + Canada | 2 | 10, 18 | 1.17 (0.97–1.38) | 0 (0.947) | 0 | |
| Europe | 3 | 16, 22, 23 | 1.02 (0.67–1.36) | 85.6 (0.001) | 0.079 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 2 | 6, 13 | 1.43 (1.27–1.58) | 0 (0.571) | 0 | |
| Malignant melanoma of skin (C43) | Overall | 6 | 6, 10, 13, 16, 22, 23 | 1.19 (0.89–1.48) | 78.8 (< 0.001) | 0.090 |
| USA + Canada | 1 | 10 | 1.20 (0.60–2.30) | – | – | |
| Europe | 3 | 16, 22, 23 | 1.00 (0.40–1.60) | 89.6 (< 0.001) | 0.237 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 2 | 6, 13 | 1.43 (1.27–1.58) | 0 (0.571) | 0 | |
| Prostate (C61) | Overall | 9 | 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 22, 23 | 1.10 (0.97–1.22) | 75.0 (< 0.001) | 0.025 |
| USA + Canada | 3 | 8, 10, 18 | 1.14 (0.93–1.35) | 62.2 (0.071) | 0.027 | |
| Europe | 3 | 16, 22, 23 | 0.99 (0.70–1.27) | 90.1 (< 0.001) | 0.057 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 3 | 1, 6, 13 | 1.23 (1.11–1.34) | 0 (0.903) | 0 | |
| Testis (C62) | Overall | 5 | 6, 13, 18, 22, 23 | 1.26 (0.87–1.65) | 77.0 (0.002) | 0.141 |
| USA + Canada | 1 | 18 | 1.60 (1.20–2.09) | |||
| Europe | 2 | 22, 23 | 0.87 (0.17–1.58) | 86.4 (0.007) | 0.204 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 2 | 6, 13 | 1.47 (1.10–1.83) | 0 (0.865) | 0 | |
| Bladder combined (C67–C68) | Overall | 7 | 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 18, 22 | 1.14 (1.04–1.23) | 0 (0.592) | 0 |
| USA + Canada | 3 | 8, 10, 18 | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 0 (0.577) | 0 | |
| Europe | 1 | 22 | 1.14 (0.89–1.48) | – | – | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 3 | 1, 6, 13 | 1.15 (0.69–1.61) | 36.9 (0.205) | 0.075 | |
| Cancer mortality | ||||||
| All cancer (C00–C97) | Overall | 17 | 2–6, 8, 9, 11–15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 25 | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 92.1 (< 0.001) | 0.021 |
| USA + Canada | 9 | 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 17, 19, 21, 25 | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 88.7 (< 0.001) | 0.014 | |
| Europe | 4 | 3, 11, 15, 24 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0 (0.741) | 0 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 4 | 2, 6, 12, 13 | 0.78 (0.59–0.97) | 87.9 (< 0.001) | 0.025 | |
| Stomach (C16) | Overall | 11 | 2–6, 8, 9, 14, 17, 24, 25 | 0.94 (0.80–1.08) | 48.8 (0.034) | 0.009 |
| USA + Canada | 7 | 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 17, 25 | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 30.7 (0.193) | 0 | |
| Europe | 2 | 3, 24 | 1.17 (0.84–1.50) | 0 (0.888) | 0 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 2 | 2, 6 | 0.65 (0.39–0.91) | 0 (0.335) | 0 | |
| Rectum combined (C19–C21) | Overall | 9 | 3–6, 8, 9, 17, 24, 25 | 1.35 (1.12–1.59) | 0 (0.692) | 0.029 |
| USA + Canada | 6 | 4, 5, 8, 9, 17, 25 | 1.31 (0.99–1.62) | 0 (0.441) | 0.061 | |
| Europe | 2 | 3, 24 | 1.58 (0.94–2.22) | 0 (0.454) | 0.094 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 1 | 6 | 1.21 (0.30–3.10) | – | – | |
| Pancreas (C25) | Overall | 8 | 3–5, 9, 14, 17, 24, 25 | 0.97 (0.73–1.22) | 54.9 (0.030) | 0.041 |
| USA + Canada | 6 | 4, 5, 9, 14, 17, 25 | 0.90 (0.60–1.21) | 55.0 (0.049) | 0.054 | |
| Europe | 2 | 3, 24 | 1.20 (0.89–1.52) | 0 (0.350) | 0 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Lung combined (C33–C34) | Overall | 11 | 2–6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 24 | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 72.1 (< 0.001) | 0.025 |
| USA + Canada | 6 | 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 17 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 43.3 (0.117) | 0.007 | |
| Europe | 3 | 3, 15, 24 | 0.99 (0.61–1.36) | 10.3 (0.328) | 0.063 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 2 | 2, 6 | 0.64 (0.38–0.90) | 30.9 (0.229) | 0 | |
| Prostate (C61) | Overall | 9 | 3–5, 8, 9, 14, 17, 24, 25 | 1.04 (0.86–1.22) | 54.8 (0.024) | 0.028 |
| USA + Canada | 7 | 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 17, 25 | 1.08 (0.97–1.18) | 0 (0.703) | 0 | |
| Europe | 2 | 3, 24 | 0.83 (0.18–1.49) | 82.6 (0.016) | 0.165 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Bladder combined (C67–C68) | Overall | 9 | 3–6, 8, 9, 14, 17, 25 | 1.44 (0.82–2.06) | 74.4 (< 0.001) | 0.673 |
| USA + Canada | 7 | 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 17, 25 | 1.50 (0.78–2.21) | 79.2 (< 0.001) | 0.752 | |
| Europe | 1 | 3 | 0.73 (0.41–1.21) | – | – | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 1 | 6 | 2.73 (0.30–9.80) | – | – | |
| Bladder (C67) | Overall | 7 | 3–6, 14, 17, 25 | 1.72 (1.05–2.38) | 45.6 (0.088) | 0.528 |
| USA + Canada | 5 | 4, 5, 14, 17, 25 | 1.88 (1.16–2.59) | 0 (0.574) | 0.437 | |
| Europe | 1 | 3 | 0.73 (0.41–1.21) | – | – | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 1 | 6 | 2.73 (0.30–9.80) | – | – | |
| Lymphohematopoietic (C81–C96) | Overall | 7 | 2, 3, 6, 17, 21, 24, 25 | 0.76 (0.61–0.91) | 0 (0.425) | 0 |
| USA + Canada | 3 | 17, 21, 25 | 0.70 (0.50–0.90) | 0 (0.494) | 0 | |
| Europe | 2 | 3, 24 | 0.80 (0.45–1.15) | 66.9 (0.082) | 0.018 | |
| KOR/AUS/NZL | 2 | 2, 6 | 0.86 (0.44–1.28) | 0 (0.632) | 0 | |
Statistically significant results are marked in bold
Study IDs IDs of included studies in this meta-analysis as depicted in Table 1, mRR meta-relative risk estimates (cancer incidence: standardized incidence ratios; cancer mortality: standardized mortality ratios) assessed with an inverse-variance random-effects meta-analysis with Paule–Mandel heterogeneity variance estimator τ2, CI confidence interval, p value p value of heterogeneity test