Table 1.

Examples of indirect benefits provided by specific vaccines

Vaccines	Indirect benefits
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines	Prevention of nasopharyngeal carriage [7, 8]
	Reduction of diseases in unvaccinated populations (herd or indirect effect) [9]
	Reduction of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use [10]
Haemophilus influenzae type B, meningococcal disease, measles; viral vaccines, such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and measles	Reduced antimicrobial use, including use for secondary infections, and reduced antimicrobial resistance [11–13]
	Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions [14]
Influenza	Reduced antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance [15]
	Decrease in cardiovascular events, i.e. myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac insufficiency [16–18]
Hepatitis B	Cirrhosis and liver cancer (due to prevention of chronic carriage) [19]
Human papilloma virus (HPV)	HPV-related cancers (due to prevention of chronic carriage) in both female and male [20]
	Vertical transmission (neonatal) [21]