Table 5.
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis result of both individual- and community-level factors associated with ANC visits in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
| Individual- and community-level factors | Models | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Null model AOR (95%CI) | Model II AOR (95%CI) | Model III AOR (95%CI) | Model IV AOR (95%CI) | |
| Mother's age | ||||
| <20 years | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–34 years | 0.72(0.55,0.94) | 0.81 (0.62,1.06) | ||
| 35–49 years | 0.85(0.61,1.19) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.50) | ||
| Household head | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.17(0.97,1.41) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.37) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Orthodox | 1 | 1 | ||
| Muslim | 1.62 (1.26,2.07) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.96)∗ | ||
| Protestant | 2.15 (1.63,2.84) | 1.36 (0.99, 1.87) | ||
| Others∗ | 4.01 (2.41,6.66 | 2.52 (1.51,4.20)∗∗ | ||
| Mother's education | ||||
| Unable to read and write | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary education | 0.53 (0.44,0.64) | 0.59 (0.49, 0.71)∗∗∗ | ||
| Secondary education | 0.34 (0.22,0.51) | 0.45 (0.30, 0.70)∗∗∗ | ||
| Higher education | 0.095 (0.038,0.23)) | 0.15 (0.06, 0.38)∗∗∗ | ||
| Husband's education | ||||
| Unable to read and write | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary education | 0.63 (0.53,0.74) | 0.68 (0.57,0.80)∗∗∗ | ||
| Secondary education | 0.44 (0.33,0.60) | 0.50 (0.37, 0.67)∗∗∗ | ||
| Higher education | 0.63 (0.43,0.94) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) | ||
| Mother's occupation | ||||
| Working | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not working | 1.13 (0.96,1.31) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.26) | ||
| Husband's occupation | ||||
| Working | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not working | 1.02 (0.85,1.31) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | ||
| Distance to HF | ||||
| Not a big problem | 1 | 1 | ||
| A big problem | 0.65 (0.56,0.76) | 0.76 (0.65, 0.89)∗∗ | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No media exposure | 1 | 1 | ||
| Has media exposure | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.11) | ||
| Birth order | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–4 | 1.36 (1.04, 1.78) | 1.35 (1.03, 1.76)∗∗∗ | ||
| ≥ 5 | 1.59 (1.12, 2.27) | 1.56 (1.09, 2.23)∗∗ | ||
| Parity | ||||
| ≤ 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2–5 | 1.02 (0.82, 1.28) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.23) | ||
| ≥ 5+ | 1.13(0.81, 1.56) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | ||
| Middle | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) | 0.71 (0.58,0.88)∗∗ | ||
| Rich | 0.46 (0.37, 0.58) | 0.65(0.51, 0.82)∗∗ | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 3.44 (2.28, 5.19) | 2.38(1.54, 3.66)∗∗∗ | ||
| Region | ||||
| Addis Ababa | 1 | 1 | ||
| Tigray | 0.42 (0.184, 0.97) | 0.35 (0.13,0.96)∗ | ||
| Afar | 4.16 (2.04, 10.39) | 4.10 (1.54., 10.93)∗ | ||
| Amhara | 1.96 (0.88, 4.39) | 1.58 (0.60, 4.14) | ||
| Oromia | 3.95 (1.79, 8.71) | 3.73 (1.44,9.63)∗ | ||
| Somali | 6.00 (2.72, 13.22) | 5.20 (2.55,13.61)∗ | ||
| Benishangul | 1.43 (0.63,3.27) | 1.38 (.52, 3.66) | ||
| SNNPR | 1.57 (0.71, 3.48) | 1.22 (0.47, 3.20) | ||
| Gambella | 3.83 (1.71, 8.60) | 2.95 (1.11,7.85)∗ | ||
| Harari | 2.12 (0.91, 4.94) | 2.64(0.96, 7.23) | ||
| Dire Dawa | 0.95(0.39,2.28) | 1.07(0.37,3.02) | ||
| Community distance to HF | ||||
| A big problem | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not a big problem | 0.67 (0.52, 0.87) | 0.76 (0.58,0.99)∗ | ||
| Community media exposure | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 0.58 (0.44, 0.76) | 0.68 (0.52, 0.89)∗ | ||
| Community poverty status | ||||
| High | 1 | 1 | ||
| Low | 0.70(0.52, .93) | 0.92 (0.68,1.24) | ||
| Community women education | ||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | ||
| High | 0.52 (0.40, 0.68) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.83)∗ | ||
| Random effects | ||||
| ICC | 0.48.(0.43, 0.52) | |||
| PCV | Ref | 59% | 69% | 72% |
| MOR | 5.30 | 2.90 | 2.51 | 2.38 |
Others∗: Catholic and traditional religion, AOR : adjusted odds ratio, and HF : health facility. ∗p value ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p value = 0.01, ∗∗∗p value = 0.001.