Table 3.

The role of electronic health literacy and users in intervention development.

Authors (year)	Developmental frameworks	eHealth literacy or other literacy assessment or application of user-centered principles or user involvement
Agyapong et al (2017) [37]	Cognitive behavioral therapy principles	Content written in partnership with patients
Anand et al (2016) [38]	Integrative behavioral modification strategy Social cognitive social learning theories Goal setting theory Transtheoretical model	Pilot study
Arora et al (2014) [39]	Not reported	Not reported
Bennett et al (2018) [40]	Social cognitive theory Interactive obesity treatment approach	Not reported
Bond et al (2010) [41]	Not reported	Not reported
Broekhuizen et al (2016) [42] and Wijsman et al (2013) [43]	Transtheoretical model I-Change model	Not reported
Buller et al (2008) [44]	Social cognitive theory Diffusion of innovations model	Focus groups Usability testing
Carroll et al (2019) [45]	Capability, opportunity, motivation, and behavior model for behavior change Community-based participatory research	eHealth Literacy Scale used to measure eHealth literacy as one of the secondary outcomes Participatory research involving users
Caster et al (2017) [46]	Not reported	Focus groups
Chen et al (2016) [47]	Not reported	Not reported
Chen et al (2018) [48]	Not reported	Not reported
Choi et al (2012) [49]a	Adaptation of the sadness internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy program	Not reported
Dang et al (2017) [50]	Not reported	Not reported
Dear et al (2015) [51]a	Previous studies	Not reported
Dugas et al (2018) [52]	Not reported	Not reported
Fortmann et al (2017) [53]	Not reported	Not reported
Gilmore et al (2017) [54]	Learning theory Theory of planned behavior Theory of reasoned actions Social cognitive theory	Not reported
Griffin et al (2018) [55]	Social cognitive theory	Not reported
Hacking et al (2016) [56]	Social cognitive theory	Not reported
Hageman et al (2014) [57]	Pender’s Health Promotion Model based on social cognitive theory	Not reported
Herring et al (2017) [58]	Social cognitive theory Social ecological model	Focus groups Semistructured interviews
Hill et al (2006) [59] and Weinert et al (2008) [87]	Not reported	Pilot study
Hong et al (2015) [60]	Theory of goal setting	Usability testing
Ingersoll et al (2015) [61]	IMBb model of adherence Social action theory	Functional English literacy assessed by Wide Range Achievement Test 4 Focus groups Interviews Usability testing
Jarvis et al (2019) [62]	Theoretical framework of loneliness Literature review Developed by a cognitive behavioral therapy specialist psychologist, a mental health nurse, and a mobile health expert	Not reported
Joseph et al (2015) [63]	Social cognitive theory	Not reported
Kamal et al (2015) [64]	The health belief model Social cognitive theory Michie’s taxonomy of behavioral change	Not reported
King et al (2013) [65]	Social cognitive theory Transtheoretical model	Participatory formative research
Kiropoulos et al (2011) [66]	Not reported	Not reported
Lee et al (2014) [67] and Lee et al (2016) [68]	Fogg behavioral model	Community advisory group Focus groups Usability testing
Lee et al (2017) [69]	Fogg behavioral model Health belief model Concept of persuasive technology	Community advisory group Focus groups Usability testing
MacDonell et al (2016) [70]	Principles of motivational interviewing IMB skills model	Pilot testing
Marcus et al (2016) [71]	Social cognitive theory Transtheoretical model	Health literacy assessed by the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy Focus groups
Mauriello et al (2016) [72]	Transtheoretical model of behavior change	Usability testing
Miller et al (2018) [73]	Not reported	Health literacy assessed by asking a single question, “how confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?” Pilot testing
Moussa et al [74]	Not reported	Not reported
Neafsey et al (2011) [75]	Social cognitive theory	Health literacy assessed by Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine Usability testing Pilot testing
Nelson et al (2016) [76]	Adapted from the SuperEgo mobile communications platform	Usability testing
Neuenschwander et al (2013) [77]	Kolb’s learning styles and experiential learning model Use of the US Department of Health and Human Services’ Research-based Web Design and Usability Guidelines Previous users’ needs and requests	Pilot testing
Phelan et al (2017) [78]	Social cognitive theory Based on the diabetes prevention program and Look Ahead lifestyle interventions	Not reported
Rubinstein et al (2016) [79]	Transtheoretical model Health belief model	Focus groups Pilot study
Ryan et al (2013) [80]	Social cognitive theory	Not reported
Steinberg et al (2013) [81]	Interactive obesity treatment approach	Not reported
Tessaro et al (2007) [82]	Health belief model Social learning theory Social support theory	Focus groups
Titov et al (2015) [83]a	Psychological principles	Not reported
Ünlü Ince et al (2013) [84]	Not reported	Not reported
Wahbeh et al [85]	Modification of the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction	Not reported
Wayne et al (2015) [86]	Motivational interviewing Cognitive behavioral therapy	Pilot study

^aAdaptations of similar programs.

^bIMB: Information, Motivation and Behavior Skills