Fig. 6.

Excess DAG, but not PA, is the cause of endomembrane and autophagy defects in TAG production defective cells. a–c Knocking out DGK1 aggravates endomembrane defects in dga1Δ lro1Δ cells. a Representative images presented as in Fig. 1a. Yellow arrows, concentration of DAG at the buds in normal cells. Purple arrows, ER bulbs. Scale bar, 2 μm. b Number of ER bulbs per cell. c Percentage of cells displaying abnormal organelle morphology (ER bulb formation, Golgi disappearance, mitochondrial fragmentation). Error bar, standard deviation, n = 3. d, e Knocking out DGK1 aggravates autophagy defect in dga1Δ lro1Δ cells. Autophagic flux was measured by d proteolytic processing of GFP-Atg8, and e pho8Δ60 assay. Results presented as in Fig. 4e, f. f–h Overexpression of DGK1 and PAH1 produces opposite effects on ER bulb formation in dga1Δ lro1Δ cells. f Representative images presented as in Fig. 1a. Scale bar, 2 μm. g Number of ER bulbs per cell. h Percentage of cells displaying ER bulbs. Error bar, standard deviation, n = 3