Table 4:

Multivariable Logistic Regression of Persistent Postoperative Opioid Use

Characteristic	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	P-Value
Age
18-29	1.29 (1.09-1.52)	<0.05
30-39	1.15 (1.05-1.27)	<0.05
40-49	1.05 (0.98-1.13)	0.18
50-59	1 [Reference]	-
60-64	0.90 (0.83-0.98)	<0.05
Female	1.02 (0.96-1.08)	0.63
Median Household Income
<60,000	1.16 (1.07-1.26)	<0.05
60,000-69,999	1 [Reference]	-
70,000-79,999	1.05 (0.96-1.15)	0.26
80,000-89,999	1.15 (1.02-1.30)	<0.05
≥90,000	1.04 (0.96-1.12)	0.36
Charlson Comorbidity Index	1.08 (1.04-1.11)	<0.05
Diabetes	1.16 (1.06-1.27)	<0.05
Region
South	1 [Reference]	-
North Central	0.85 (0.79-0.92)	<0.05
Northeast	0.70 (0.64-0.76)	<0.05
West	0.93 (0.85-1.02)	0.11
Insurance
PPO	1 [Reference]	-
Comprehensive	1.37 (1.20-1.57)	<0.05
HMO	1.17 (1.07-1.28)	<0.05
Point of Service	1.04 (0.93-1.15)	0.52
Other	0.98 (0.89-1.08)	0.71
Mental Health Disorders
Adjustment	0.97 (0.81-1.15)	0.69
Anxiety	1.14 (1.03-1.26)	<0.05
Disruptive	1.04 (0.84-1.28)	0.75
Mood	1.27 (1.16-1.38)	<0.05
Suicide of Self-Harm	1.14 (0.59-2.23)	0.69
Personality	1.22 (0.66-2.27)	0.53
Psychosis	1.41 (0.83-2.39)	0.21
Alcohol or Substance Abuse	1.43 (1.15-1.79)	<0.05
Other	1.13 (0.92-1.38)	0.24
Pain Disorders
Arthritis	1.15 (1.08-1.22)	<0.05
Back	1.30 (1.21-1.39)	<0.05
Neck	1.03 (0.95-1.12)	0.54
Other	1.22 (1.14-1.31)	<0.05
Preoperative Gabapentinoid Use	2.34 (2.14-2.56)	<0.05