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Roles of different senescent cell types in atherosclerosis, represented in blue. CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EC, endothelial cell; ET-1, endothelin-1; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IL, interleukin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NO, nitric oxide; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.
