Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Variables | AMI-CS† Not undergoing revascularization (n = 62,883) | AMI-CS undergoing revascularization (n = 55,735) | All patients of AMI-CS (n= 118,618) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean [SD]) (years) | 72.24 (13.3) | 66.40 (12.4) | 69.49 (13.2) | <0.01 |
| Women | 27,782 (44.2%) | 19,685 (35.3%) | 47,467 (40%) | <0.01 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 39,819 (75.6%) | 35,334 (77.2%) | 75,153 (76.4%) | <0.01 |
| Black | 4,967 (9.4%) | 3,103 (6.8%) | 8,070 (8.2%) | |
| Hispanic | 4,176 (7.9%) | 3,630 (7.9%) | 7,806 (7.9%) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 1,591 (3%) | 1,432 (3.1%) | 3,023 (3.1%) | |
| Native American | 286 (0.5%) | 268 (0.6%) | 554 (0.6%) | |
| AHRQ‡ co-morbidities | ||||
| Deficiency anemia | 12,129 (19.5%) | 9,277 (16.8%) | 21,406 (18.2%) | <0.01 |
| Collagen vascular diseases | 1,239 (2%) | 968 (1.8%) | 2,207 (1.9%) | <0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 13,127 (21.1%) | 3,295 (6%) | 16,422 (14%) | <0.01 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 15,100 (24.2%) | 12,229 (22.1%) | 27,329 (23.3%) | <0.01 |
| Coagulopathy | 8,150 (13.1%) | 9,136 (16.5%) | 17,286 (14.7%) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 15,926 (25.6%) | 13,952 (25.3%) | 29,878 (25.4%) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 4,424 (7.1%) | 3,198 (5.8%) | 7,622 (6.5%) | <0.01 |
| Hypertension | 31,320 (50.3%) | 28,374 (51.4%) | 59,694 (50.8%) | <0.01 |
| Hypothyroidism | 5,469 (8.8%) | 3,746 (6.8%) | 9,215 (7.8%) | <0.01 |
| Liver disease | 1,496 (2.4%) | 698 (1.3%) | 2,194 (1.9%) | <0.01 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 31,016 (49.8%) | 22,197 (40.2%) | 53,213 (45.3%) | <0.01 |
| Obesity | 4,481 (7.2%) | 5,825 (10.5%) | 10,306 (8.8%) | <0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 7,967 (12.8%) | 6,209 (11.2%) | 14,176 (12.1%) | <0.01 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 1,893 (3%) | 323 (0.6%) | 2,216 (1.9%) | <0.01 |
| Renal failure | 16,255 (26.1%) | 8,894 (16.1%) | 25,149 (21.4%) | <0.01 |
| Valvular disease | 3,564 (5.7%) | 898 (1.6%) | 4,462 (3.8%) | <0.01 |
| Concurrent diagnosis | ||||
| Atrial Fibrillation | 23,409 (37.2%) | 19,305 (34.6%) | 42,714 (36%) | <0.01 |
| Risk factors | ||||
| familial hyperlipidemia | 2,958 (4.7%) | 4,010 (7.2%) | 6,968 (5.9%) | <0.01 |
| Smoking history | 4,111 (6.5%) | 4,414 (7.9%) | 8,525 (7.2%) | <0.01 |
| Family history sudden death or Myocardial infarction | 1,036 (1.6%) | 2,634 (4.7%) | 3,670 (3.1%) | <0.01 |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | 13,180 (21%) | 8,543 (15.3%) | 21,723 (18.3%) | <0.01 |
| Midwest | 13,127 (20.9%) | 13,349 (24%) | 26,476 (22.3%) | |
| South | 23,865 (38%) | 21,704 (38.9%) | 45,569 (38.4%) | |
| West | 12,711 (20.2%) | 12,139 (21.8%) | 24,850 (20.9%) | |
| Hospital Location | ||||
| Rural | 5,995 (9.5%) | 2,572 (4.6%) | 8,567 (7.2%) | <0.01 |
| Urban Non-teaching | 25,219 (40.1%) | 21,751 (39%) | 46,970 (39.6%) | |
| Urban Teaching | 31,669 (50.4%) | 31,412 (56.4%) | 63,081 (53.2%) | |
| Bed size of the hospital | ||||
| small | 6,588 (10.5%) | 3,758 (6.7%) | 10,346 (8.7%) | <0.01 |
| medium | 15,214 (24.2%) | 11,310 (20.3) | 26,524 (22.4%) | |
| large | 41,081 (65.3%) | 40,667 (73%) | 81,748 (68.9%) | |
| Primary payer | ||||
| Medicare | 44,886 (71.5%) | 30,443 (54.7%) | 75,329 (63.6%) | <0.01 |
| Medicaid | 3,911 (6.2%) | 3,935 (7.1%) | 7,846 (6.6%) | |
| Private insurance | 10,226 (16.3%) | 15,908 (28.6%) | 26,134 (22.1%) | |
| Self-pay | 2,259 (3.6%) | 3,373 (6.1%) | 5,632 (4.8%) | |
| No charge | 170 (0.3%) | 296 (0.5%) | 466 (0.4%) | |
| Median household income (percentile) | ||||
| 0–25th | 7,975 (27.2%) | 10,297 (25.3%) | 18,272 (26.1%) | <0.01 |
| 26–50th | 7,795 (26.6%) | 10,648 (26.2%) | 18,443 (26.4%) | |
| 51–75t | 6,977 (23.8%) | 10,266 (25.3%) | 17,243 (24.7%) | |
| 76–100th | 6,558 (22.4%) | 9,420 (23.2%) | 15,978 (22.8%) |
†
Acute myocardial infarction-Cardiogenic shock.
‡
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.