Table 2.
Core Questions Clarifying Functional Leadership in Intergroup Contexts | Exemplar Answers Derived from Extant Literature |
---|---|
1. Why is leadership enacted? (i.e., for what objective(s)?) |
Team goals without mention of interteam interdependence (Carroll et al., 2016; Ferguson et al., 2019; Keller, 2001); team goals in intergroup competitions or coopetitions (Bullinger et al., 2010; Carbonell et al., 2019; van Bunderen et al., 2018); team goals in collaborative interteam contexts (Brion et al., 2012; Cha et al., 2015; Drach-Zahavy, 2011; Grippa et al., 2018; Somech & Khalaili, 2014; Tasselli & Caimo, 2019); system goals (Curnin et al., 2014; Millikin, Hom, & Manz, 2010; Schotter & Beamish, 2011; Zolper et al., 2013); both team and system goals (Friedman et al., 1992; Lee & Sawang, 2016; Lanaj et al., 2013; Susskind et al., 2011) |
2. Where is leadership targeted? | Within teams (Birkinshaw et al., 2017; Tippmann et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2015); across team boundaries (Cuijpers et al., 2016; Kratzer et al., 2008; Uitdewilligen & Waller, 2018) |
3. What processes and states are targeted by leadership? | Communication (Bearman et al., 2010), collaboration (Beck & Plowman, 2013), learning (Chan et al., 2003), coordination (Newell & Swan), identity (Gray et al., 2019), cohesion (Ferguson & Blackman, 2019), trust (Chen & Wang, 2008) |
4. When is leadership occurring? (i.e., under what circumstances?) |
During changes in organizational structure (Birkinshaw et al., 2017); when performing non-routine tasks (Chung & Jackson, 2013); while working in complex and dynamic environments (Curnin et al., 2014; DeChurch et al., 2011; Gerber et al., 2016; Kellogg et al., 2006); during initial project phases (Hoegl et al., 2004); when new resources are needed (Waldman & Atwater, 1992); given certain levels of interteam interdependence (Benoliel & Somech, 2015; Glynn et al., 2010; Kennedy et al., 2017; Litchfield et al., 2018; Widmann & Mulder, 2018) |
4. Who is leading? | Formal team leader (de O. Melo et al., 2013); multiple formal leaders of different teams (Gasson, 2005); formal leadership team (DeChurch & Marks, 2006; De Vries et al., 2016); team members without formal positions of authority (Ingvaldsen & Rolfsen, 2012; Johannessen et al., 2015; Marrone et al., 2007) |