Table 2.

Five Core Questions Specifying the Nature of Functional Leadership in Intergroup Contexts

Core Questions Clarifying Functional Leadership in Intergroup Contexts	Exemplar Answers Derived from Extant Literature
1. Why is leadership enacted? (i.e., for what objective(s)?)	Team goals without mention of interteam interdependence (Carroll et al., 2016; Ferguson et al., 2019; Keller, 2001); team goals in intergroup competitions or coopetitions (Bullinger et al., 2010; Carbonell et al., 2019; van Bunderen et al., 2018); team goals in collaborative interteam contexts (Brion et al., 2012; Cha et al., 2015; Drach-Zahavy, 2011; Grippa et al., 2018; Somech & Khalaili, 2014; Tasselli & Caimo, 2019); system goals (Curnin et al., 2014; Millikin, Hom, & Manz, 2010; Schotter & Beamish, 2011; Zolper et al., 2013); both team and system goals (Friedman et al., 1992; Lee & Sawang, 2016; Lanaj et al., 2013; Susskind et al., 2011)
2. Where is leadership targeted?	Within teams (Birkinshaw et al., 2017; Tippmann et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2015); across team boundaries (Cuijpers et al., 2016; Kratzer et al., 2008; Uitdewilligen & Waller, 2018)
3. What processes and states are targeted by leadership?	Communication (Bearman et al., 2010), collaboration (Beck & Plowman, 2013), learning (Chan et al., 2003), coordination (Newell & Swan), identity (Gray et al., 2019), cohesion (Ferguson & Blackman, 2019), trust (Chen & Wang, 2008)
4. When is leadership occurring? (i.e., under what circumstances?)	During changes in organizational structure (Birkinshaw et al., 2017); when performing non-routine tasks (Chung & Jackson, 2013); while working in complex and dynamic environments (Curnin et al., 2014; DeChurch et al., 2011; Gerber et al., 2016; Kellogg et al., 2006); during initial project phases (Hoegl et al., 2004); when new resources are needed (Waldman & Atwater, 1992); given certain levels of interteam interdependence (Benoliel & Somech, 2015; Glynn et al., 2010; Kennedy et al., 2017; Litchfield et al., 2018; Widmann & Mulder, 2018)
4. Who is leading?	Formal team leader (de O. Melo et al., 2013); multiple formal leaders of different teams (Gasson, 2005); formal leadership team (DeChurch & Marks, 2006; De Vries et al., 2016); team members without formal positions of authority (Ingvaldsen & Rolfsen, 2012; Johannessen et al., 2015; Marrone et al., 2007)