Table 3.

Effect of hospital construction, two-way fixed effects model

	facility delivery	ANC visits	caesarean sections	neonatal mortality
Panel A: Primary (district) hospital openings only
Births after nearby facility opening	0.182***	0.250*	0.068***	0.007*
	(0.028)	(0.135)	(0.022)	(0.004)
Any nearby facility	0.071	0.691***	−0.015	−0.004
	(0.044)	(0.160)	(0.010)	(0.004)
Observations	41 941	28 000	41 909	167 086
Panel B: Primary (district) hospital openings, urban respondents only
Births after nearby facility opening	0.130***	1.018***	0.044**	−0.005
	(0.027)	(0.201)	(0.020)	(0.004)
Any nearby facility	−0.045	−0.223	−0.035*	−0.008
	(0.049)	(0.373)	(0.021)	(0.008)
Observations	6692	5080	6703	29 098
Panel C: Any hospital opening
Births after nearby hospital opening	0.151***	0.023	0.022***	0.004
	(0.033)	(0.175)	(0.008)	(0.004)
Any nearby facility	0.060**	0.741***	0.006	−0.003
	(0.027)	(0.145)	(0.005)	(0.003)
Observations	41 941	28 000	41 909	167 086

The ‘any nearby hospital’ is an indicator (dummy). Its value is 1 if there is a hospital within 5 km of the survey cluster. The hospital can be built after or before the birth of the child. The value of the indicator (dummy) is 0 if a hospital is never built within 5 km of the survey cluster. The “births after nearby hospital opening” is an indicator which has a value of 1 if the birth is in a survey cluster that has a hospital with in 5 km and if the birth occurs after the hospital has been opened. The indicator is 0 for survey clusters that never have access to a hospital, or for births that occurred before a hospital is opened in those clusters that get access to a hospital at some point. All models include survey round fixed effects, birth year (cohort) fixed effects and zonal fixed effects. They also include controls for the DHS-provided wealth quintile variables, birth order, gender, twin or triplet births, mother’s age and mother’s education. Robust standard errors clustered at district (woreda) level. P-values: * < 0.1 ** < 0.05 *** < 0.01.