Figure 4.

Effects of different forms of smoking and vaping as summarized from human and animal studies. The major toxicants (red, blue and green = high quantity, black = intermediate quantity, grey = trace amounts) for tobacco cigarette and waterpipe smoking as well as e-cigarette vaping are listed. The molecular link of these toxicants on major damage markers reported for the different forms of smoking and vaping with respect to oxidative stress is shown on the left side. The effects of these toxicants on endothelial (vascular) function are summarized in the inserted scheme (modified from ref.⁸¹ with permission). The associated adverse health effects as well as antioxidant interventions are also shown.