Table 2.

PCR and qPCR assays currently used to screen wild birds for coronaviruses.

Study reference	Target gene	Amplicon Size (bp)	Detection of CoV	Wild bird studies
Adzhar et al. (1996)	S	466	AvCoV	Rohaim et al. (2017); Suryaman et al. (2019)
Callison et al. (2006)	5’ UTR	143	AvCoV, potentially DCoV	Amery-Gale et al. (2018); Chamings et al. (2018); Domanska-Blicharz et al. (2014); Duraes-Carvalho et al. (2015)
Cavanagh et al. (2001)	3’ UTR	214	AvCoV	Hughes et al. (2009)
Chu et al. (2011)	RdRp	400	Gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus	Barbosa et al. (2019); Chamings et al. (2018); Chu et al. (2011); de Sales Lima et al. (2015); Kim and Oem (2014)
Hu et al. (2018)	RdRp	668	Gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus	Hu et al. (2018); Paim et al. (2019)
Muradrasoli et al. (2009)	RdRp	179	Gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus	Hepojoki et al. (2017); Lebarbenchon et al. (2013); Muradrasoli et al. (2010, 2009); Rohaim et al. (2019); Wille et al. (2015, 2017, 2016)
Roh et al. (2014)	S1	Not provided	AvCoV	Rohaim et al. (2017)
Stephensen et al. (1999)	RdRp	250	AvCoV, potentially DCoV	Jonassen et al. (2005); Jordan et al. (2015); Verdugo et al. (2019)
Woo et al. (2009)	RdRp	440	Gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus	Lau et al. (2018); Woo et al. (2009, 2012)