Table 1.
Vulnerability from risk factors expressed as equivalence to added years of age
| Risk factor | Relative risk | Equivalent added years of agea | Robustness of risk estimate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 0.6 | -5 | Moderately robust |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Asian or Asian British | 1.5 | 4 | Moderately robust |
| Black | 1.7 | 5 | Moderately robust |
| Mixed | 1.4 | 3 | Provisional |
| Other non-white | 1.3 | 3 | Provisional |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| 30–34.9 | 1.3 | 3 | Provisional |
| 35–39.9 | 1.6 | 5 | Provisional |
| ≥40 | 2.4 | 9 | Provisional |
| Hypertension (according to actual age, years) | |||
| 20–26 | 3.3–3.6 | 12 | Provisional |
| 27–33 | 3.0–3.3 | 11 | Provisional |
| 34–39 | 2.7–2.9 | 10 | Provisional |
| 40–44 | 2.4–2.6 | 9 | Provisional |
| 45–49 | 2.2–2.4 | 8 | Provisional |
| 50–54 | 2.0–2.1 | 7 | Provisional |
| 55–57 | 1.8–1.9 | 6 | Provisional |
| 58–61 | 1.6–1.8 | 5 | Provisional |
| 62–64 | 1.5–1.6 | 4 | Provisional |
| 65–67 | 1.3–1.4 | 3 | Provisional |
| 68–70 | 1.2–1.3 | 2 | Provisional |
| 71–72 | 1.1 | 1 | Provisional |
| ≥73 | 1 | 0 | Provisional |
| Heart failure | 2.2 | 8 | Provisional |
| Other chronic heart disease | 1.3 | 3 | Provisional |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2.2 | 8 | Provisional |
| Asthma | |||
| Mild (no requirement for oral corticosteroids in past year) | 1.1 | 1 | Moderately robust |
| Severe (requiring oral corticosteroids in past year) | 1.4 | 3 | Moderately robust |
| Chronic respiratory disease (excluding asthma) | 1.9 | 6 | Moderately robust |
| Diabetes | |||
| Type 1 | |||
| HbA1 ≤58 mmol/ mol in past year | 2.0 | 7 | Moderately robust |
| HbA1 >58 mmol/ mol in past year | 2.7 | 10 | Moderately robust |
| HbA1c unknown | 3.3 | 12 | Moderately robust |
| Type 2 and other | |||
| HbA1 ≤58 mmol/ mol in past year | 1.5 | 4 | Moderately robust |
| HbA1 >58 mmol/ mol in past year | 2.0 | 7 | Moderately robust |
| HbA1c unknown | 2.3 | 8 | Moderately robust |
| Chronic kidney disease | |||
| Estimated GFR 30–60 ml/min | 1.5 | 4 | Moderately robust |
| Estimated GFR < 30 ml/min | 3.0 | 11 | Moderately robust |
| History of dialysis or end-stage renal failure | 3.7 | 13 | Moderately robust |
| Non-haematological cancer | |||
| Diagnosed <1 year ago | 1.7 | 5 | Provisional |
| Diagnosed 1–4.9 years ago | 1.2 | 2 | Provisional |
| Diagnosed ≥5 years ago | 1 | 0 | Provisional |
| Haematological malignancy | |||
| Diagnosed <1 year ago | 2.8 | 10 | Provisional |
| Diagnosed 1–4.9 years ago | 2.5 | 9 | Provisional |
| Diagnosed ≥5 years ago | 1.6 | 5 | Provisional |
| Liver disease | 1.8 | 6 | Provisional |
| Chronic neurological disease other than stroke or dementiab | 2.6 | 9 | Provisional |
| Organ transplant | 3.6 | 12 | Provisional |
| Spleen diseasesc | 1.4 | 3 | Provisional |
| Rheumatoid/lupus/ psoriasis | 1.2 | 2 | Provisional |
| Other immunosuppressive conditiond | 1.8 | 6 | Provisional |
aAdded years for hypertension are calculated from relative risks before rounding.
bMotor neurone disease, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral palsy, quadriplegia, hemiplegia and progressive cerebellar disease.
cIncludes splenectomy, or spleen dysfunction (e.g. from sickle cell disease).
dIncludes HIV, conditions inducing permanent immunodeficiency (ever diagnosed), aplastic anaemia, and temporary immunodeficiency recorded within the past year.