Table 3.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations (copies/100 mL wastewater), with 95% confidence interval (CI), in wastewater samples collected from aircrafts and a cruise ship
| Sources (sampling dates) |
Virus concentration methods used | Sample ID (volume concentrated) | Copies/100 ml of wastewater (95% CI) | RT-ddPCR Copies/100 ml of wastewater | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDC N1 | CDC N2 | N_Sarbeco | E_Sarbeco | NIID_2019-nCoV N | CDC N1 | |||
| Aircraft 1 (26 April 2020) Los Angeles–Brisbane |
Adsorption–extraction | A1a-1 (100 ml) | – | – | – | 272 (492–158) | – | – |
| A1a-2 (100 ml) | – | – | 36.3 (72.9–18.6)a | – | – | – | ||
| Amicon® Ultra-15 | A1b-1 (50 ml) | – | – | – | 211 (366–127) | – | – | |
| A1b-2 (50 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| A1b-3 (50 ml) | – | – | – | 87.2 (146–54.6)a | – | – | ||
| Aircraft 2 (07 May 2020) Hong Kong–Brisbane |
Adsorption–extraction | A2a-1 (100 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| A2a-2 (100 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| A2-a-3 (100 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Aircraft 3 (10 May 2020) New Delhi–Sydney |
Adsorption–extraction | A3a-1 (100 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | NT |
| A3a-2 (100 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | NT | ||
| Cruise ship-influent (23 April 2020) |
Adsorption–extraction | CSI1a-1 (100 ml) | 208 (663–76.9) 275 (896–98.9) 239 (769–86.9) |
60.9 (353–14.0)a 7.6 (91.6–4.32)a |
– | – | – | 387 103 |
| CSI1a-2 (100 ml) | 77.6 (230–30.3)a 110 (333–42.3) 118 (363–42.3) |
8.99 (43.3–2.33)a 6.66 (31.9–1.66)a 1.33 (5.66–0.33)a |
– | – | 0.66 (2.33–0.33)a | 175 201 398 |
||
| CSI1a-3 (100 ml) | 450 (1518–157) 295 (966–106) 596 (2054–203) |
11.7 (58.3–2.99)a 14.3 (73.3–3.66)a 14.3 (73.3–3.66)a |
– | 138 (243–82.6) 138 (243–82.6) |
34.3 (145–11.0)a 32.0 (118–10.3)a 117 (596–33.3)a |
880 445 258 |
||
| Amicon® Ultra-15 | CSI1b-1 (50 ml) | 71.9 (199–29.3)a | – | – | – | 156 (740–46.6) | – | |
| CSI1b-2 (50 ml) | 50.6 (136–21.3)a | – | – | – | 103 (465–33.6)a | – | ||
| CSI1b-3 (50 ml) | 43.9 (118–18.6)a | 23.3 (117–6.00)a 20.0 (100–5.32)a |
– | – | – | – | ||
| Cruise ship-effluent (23 April 2020) |
Adsorption–extraction | CSE1a-1 (200 ml) | – | – | – | 53.6 (90.2–32.9)a | – | – |
| CSE1a-2 (200 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | 94.5 | ||
| CSE1a-3 (200 ml) | – | – | – | 98.6 (171–59.6)a | 63.6 (279–19.3)a | – | ||
| Amicon® Ultra-15 | CSE1b-1 (100 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | 83.5 | |
| CSE1b-2 (100 ml) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
aIndicates that SARS-CoV-2 was positively identified and the calculated copy numbers is below the sample limit of detection (SLOD): 100 copy for CDC N1, 200 copies for CDC N2 and E_Sarbeco, 300 copies for N_Sarbeco and 400 copies for NIID_2019-nCoV N; NT, not tested due to unavailability of reagents.