Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable models examining coping and psychological status during the outbreak of 2019 coronavirus diseases, adjusted by demographic characteristics and PTSD
| Variables | GHQ-28≥5 | GHQ-28<5 | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 473) | (n = 636) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 279 (58.99%) | 343 (53.93%) | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 194 (41.01%) | 293 (46.07%) | 0.81 (0.64–1.04) | 0.85 (0.64–1.14) |
| Age (years), n (%) | ||||
| 18–29 | 169 (35.73%) | 318 (50.00%) | Reference | Reference |
| 30–39 | 199 (42.07%) | 231 (36.32%) | 1.62 (1.24–2.12) | 1.78 (1.15–2.78) |
| 40–49 | 83 (17.55%) | 65 (10.22%) | 2.40 (1.65–3.49) | 2.45 (1.41–4.27) |
| 50–59 | 19 (4.02%) | 15 (2.36%) | 2.38 (1.18–4.81) | 2.34 (0.93–5.87) |
| ≥60 | 3 (0.63%) | 7 (1.10%) | 0.81 (0.21–3.16) | 1.02 (0.19–5.43) |
| Ethnic, n (%) | ||||
| Han | 457 (96.62%) | 602 (94.65%) | Reference | Reference |
| Minority | 16 (3.38%) | 34 (5.35%) | 0.62 (0.34–1.14) | 0.97 (0.47–1.99) |
| Occupation, n (%) | ||||
| Labor | 22 (4.65%) | 42 (6.60%) | Reference | Reference |
| Service staff | 43 (9.09%) | 42 (6.60%) | 1.96 (1.00–3.81) | 2.10 (0.98–4.52) |
| Company employee | 124 (26.22%) | 169 (26.57%) | 1.4 (0.80–2.47) | 1.65 (0.86–3.20) |
| Public institutions staff | 36 (7.61%) | 68 (10.69%) | 1.01 (0.53–1.95) | 1.32 (0.62–2.82) |
| Students | 79 (16.70%) | 139 (21.86%) | 1.08 (0.60–1.95) | 2.57 (1.14–5.80) |
| Professional and technical staff | 111 (23.47%) | 108 (16.98%) | 1.96 (1.10–3.50) | 2.17 (1.11–4.23) |
| Retired/housewife | 16 (3.38%) | 22 (3.46%) | 1.39 (0.61–3.17) | 1.42 (0.49–4.11) |
| Others | 42 (8.88%) | 46 (7.23%) | 1.74 (0.90–3.39) | 1.92 (0.89–4.13) |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Single | 179 (37.84%) | 297 (46.70%) | Reference | Reference |
| Married | 279 (58.99%) | 328 (51.57%) | 1.41 (1.11–1.80) | 0.93 (0.60–1.44) |
| Divorced/widowed | 15 (3.17%) | 11 (1.73%) | 2.26 (1.02–5.04) | 0.79 (0.29–2.15) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Less than junior high school | 28 (5.92%) | 24 (3.77%) | Reference | Reference |
| Senior high school | 63 (13.32%) | 107 (16.82%) | 0.51 (0.27–0.95) | 0.34 (0.16–0.75) |
| Undergraduate/college | 365 (77.17%) | 465 (73.11%) | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | 0.52 (0.25–1.08) |
| Graduate | 17 (3.59%) | 40 (6.29%) | 0.36 (0.17–0.80) | 0.35 (0.13–0.93) |
| Monthly income (yuan), n (%) | ||||
| <3000 | 110 (23.26%) | 177 (27.83%) | Reference | Reference |
| 3000–4999 | 121 (25.58%) | 147 (23.11%) | 1.32 (0.94–1.86) | 0.94 (0.56–1.57) |
| 5000–9999 | 177 (37.42%) | 229 (36.01%) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | 0.71 (0.42–1.21) |
| ≥10 000 | 65 (13.74%) | 83 (13.05%) | 1.26 (0.84–1.89) | 0.80 (0.44–1.47) |
| Medical insurance, n (%) | ||||
| Basic insurance for urban employees | 218 (46.09%) | 241 (37.89%) | Reference | Reference |
| Basic insurance for urban and rural residents | 208 (43.97%) | 336 (52.83%) | 0.68 (0.53–0.88) | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) |
| Commercial insurance | 29 (6.13%) | 22 (3.46%) | 1.46 (0.81–2.61) | 1.68 (0.85–3.35) |
| None | 18 (3.81%) | 37 (5.82%) | 0.54 (0.30–0.97) | 0.72 (0.34–1.54) |
| Living arrangements, n (%) | ||||
| Live alone | 162 (34.25%) | 185 (29.09%) | Reference | Reference |
| Live with others | 311 (65.75%) | 451 (70.91%) | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) |
| Hospital visits, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 24 (5.07%) | 25 (3.93%) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 449 (94.93%) | 611 (96.07%) | 0.77 (0.43–1.36) | 0.84 (0.43–1.64) |
| Fever clinics visits, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 11 (2.33%) | 5 (0.79%) | Reference | Reference |
| No | 462 (97.67%) | 631 (99.21%) | 0.33 (0.12–0.96) | 0.43 (0.12–1.53) |
| IES-R score, n (%) | ||||
| <20 | 41 (8.67%) | 324 (50.94%) | Reference | Reference |
| ≥20 | 432 (91.33%) | 312 (49.06%) | 10.94 (7.66–15.62) | 10.91 (7.53–15.83) |
| IES-R total score, M (Q1, Q3) | 36.0 (28.0, 44.0) | 19.0 (10.75, 27.0) | 1.12 (1.11–1.14) | – |
| Intrusion | 13.0 (10.0, 16.0) | 7.0 (4.0, 10.0) | 1.29 (1.25–1.34) | |
| Avoidance | 13.0 (10.0, 16.0) | 7.0 (4.0, 11.0) | 1.22 (1.19–1.26) | |
| Hyperarousal | 10.0 (7.0, 13.0) | 4.0 (2.0, 7.0) | 1.47 (1.41–1.54) | |
| Coping strategy, n (%) | ||||
| Emotion-focused | 256 (54.12%) | 313 (49.21%) | Reference | Reference |
| Problem-focused | 59 (12.47%) | 68 (10.69%) | 1.06 (0.72–1.56) | 0.78 (0.50–1.21) |
| Both emotion and problem | 158 (33.40%) | 255 (40.09%) | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.72 (0.54–0.98) |
Statistically significant values are shown in bold.
M, median; Q1, 1st quartile; Q3, 3rd quartile; OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio in the multivariate model; GHQ-28, 28-item General Health Questionnaire scale; IES-R, 22-item Impact of Events Scale-Revised scale.