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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Early Child Res Q. 2020 Jan 17;51:366–378. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.12.005

Table 4.

Predictors of Expressive and Receptive Language at 2 Years of Age

    Mullen Scales of Early Learning (n = 408) Expressive
                           
    Expressive T   Receptive T
    r R2 ΔR2 β Sr2 Effect size (f2)a   r R2 ΔR2 β Sr2 Effect size (f2)a
                             
Model 1: CSBS BS Age & Maternal Education .05***       .05     .04***       .04
                           
  CSBS Age −.17***     −0.17* .03 .03   −.08     −0.07 --- ---
                           
  Maternal Education .13**     0.13* .02 .02   .19***     0.18*** .03 .03
                           
Model 2: CSBS BS Age, Maternal Education, & LDS .58*** .54   1.23       .20*** .16     .20
                             
  CSBS Age .17***     −0.04 --- ---   −.08     .002 --- ---
                             
  Maternal Education .13**     0.08* --- ---   .19***     0.16*** .03 .04
                             
  LDS .76***     0.74*** .53 1.26   .42***     0.41*** .16 .20
                             
Model 3: CSBS Age, Maternal Education, LDS, & CSBS CQ .59*** .01     .02     .29*** .09   .13
                             
  CSBS Age .17***     −0.04 --- ---   −.08     .001 --- ---
                             
  Maternal Education .13**     0.08* --- ---   .19***     0.10* .01 .01
                             
  LDS .76***     0.62 .15 .37   .42***     0.29*** .03 .04
                             
  CQ-Social .29***     −0.07 --- ---   .35***       --- ---
                             
  CQ-Speech .66***     0.17** .01 .02   .40***       --- ---
                             
  CQ-Symbolic .38***     −0.06 --- ---   .48***       --- ---
                             
Model 4: CSBS Age, Maternal Education, LDS, CSBS CQ, & CSBS BS .64*** .05     .14     .45** .16   .29
                             
  CSBS Age .17***     −0.05 --- ---   −.08     −0.02 --- ---
                             
  Maternal Education .13**     0.07* --- ---   .19***     0.08* --- ---
                             
  LDS .76***     0.54*** .01 .29   .42***     0.21** .01 .02
                             
  CQ-Social .33***     0.04 --- ---   .35***     0.02 --- ---
                             
  CQ-Speech .66***     0.07 --- ---   .40***     −0.10 --- ---
                             
  CQ-Symbolic .39***     −0.07 --- ---   .48***     0.18** .01 .02
                             
  BS-Social .38***     0.13** .01 .03   .50***     .26*** .04 .07
                             
  BS-Speech .67***     0.18*** .01 .03   .43***     0.07 --- ---
                             
  BS-Symbolic .38***     0.04 --- ---   .56***     0.27*** .04 .07
                             

Note. LDS=Language Development Survey. CSBS=Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales. CQ=CSBS Caregiver Questionnaire. BS=CSBS Behavior Sample. CSBS Standard Scores: M = 10; SD = 3.

a

Effect size f2 = sr2/(1 - R2) for individual predictors; f2 = ΔR2/1 - R2 for R2 change; f2 = R2/(1-R2) overall; small f2 = .02, medium f2 = .15, and large f2 = .35 (Cohen, 1988).

*

p < .05;

**

p < .01;

***

p < .001