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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Early Child Res Q. 2020 Jan 17;51:366–378. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.12.005

Table 5.

Predictors of Expressive and Receptive Language at 3 Years of Age

Mullen Scales of Early Learning (n = 198)
                             
Expressive T Receptive T
r R2 ΔR2 β Sr2 Effect size (f2)a r R2 ΔR2 β Sr2 Effect size (f2)a
                             
Model 1: CSBS BS Age & Maternal Education .08*** .09 .12*** .14
                       
CSBS Age −.16* −0.15* .02 .02 .20** −.20** .04 .05
                       
Maternal Education .24** 0.24** .06 .07 .28*** .28*** .08 .09
                       
Model 2: CSBS BS Age, Maternal Education, & LDS .32*** .24 .35 .31*** .19*** .28
                             
CSBS Age −.16* −.03 --- --- .20** −.09 .01 .01
                             
Maternal Education .24** .22*** .05 .07 .28*** .26*** .07 .10
                             
LDS .52*** .50*** .24 .35 .45*** .19 .28
                             
Model 3: CSBS Age, Maternal Education, LDS, & CSBS CQ .38*** .07 .11 .42*** .11*** .21
                             
CSBS Age −.16* −.03 --- --- .20** −.09 .01 .02
                             
Maternal Education .24** .17*** .03 .05 .28*** .19*** .04 .07
                             
LDS .52*** .47*** .08 .13 .35*** .05 .09
                             
CQ-Social .34*** .02 --- --- .39*** −.02 --- ---
                           
CQ-Speech .45*** −.18 .01 --- .46*** −.17 .01 .02
                             
CQ-Symbolic .51*** .33** .04 .06 .58*** .43*** .07 .12
                             
Model 4: CSBS Age, Maternal Education, LDS, CSBS CQ, & CSBS BS .05 .08 .49*** .09*** .18
                             
CSBS Age −.16* −.03 --- --- .20*** −.08 .01 .02
                             
Maternal Education .24** .15** .02 .03 .28*** .17** .03 .06
                             
LDS .52*** .38*** .04 .06 .23* .02 .04
                             
CQ-Social .34*** −.01 --- --- .38*** −.03 --- ---
                           
CQ-Speech .45*** −.19 --- --- .42*** −.17 .01 .02
                             
CQ-Symbolic .51*** .22* .01 .02 .58*** .28** .03 .06
                             
BS-Social .43*** .14 .01 .02 .52*** .19** .02 .04
                             
BS-Speech .46*** .08 --- --- .49*** .11 --- ---
                             
BS-Symbolic .48*** .17* .02 .03 .56*** .21** .03 .06
                             

Note. LDS=Language Development Survey. CSBS=Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales. CQ=CSBS Caregiver Questionnaire. BS=CSBS Behavior Sample. CSBS Standard Scores: M = 10; SD = 3.

a

Effect size f2 = sr2/(1 - R2) for individual predictors; f2 = ΔR2/1 - R2 for R2 change; f2 = R2/(1-R2) overall; small f2 = .02, medium f2 = .15, and large f2 = .35 (Cohen, 1988).

*

p < .05;

**

p < .01;

***

p < .001.