Table 1.
Characteristics of the liver transplant and non-transplant comparison cohorts
| Liver transplant cohort (n=151) | Comparison cohort (n=627) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60 (47–66) | 73 (55–84) | <0·0001 | ||
| Sex | .. | .. | 0·0010 | ||
| Male | 102 (68%) | 329 (52%) | .. | ||
| Female | 49 (32%) | 298 (48%) | .. | ||
| Smoker | 3 (2%) | 7 (1%) | 0·418 | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 111 (74%) | 434 (69%) | 0·324* | ||
| Other ethnicities† | 40 (26%) | 193 (31%) | .. | ||
| African American | 16 (11%) | NA | .. | ||
| Southeast Asian | 11 (7%) | NA | .. | ||
| Hispanic | 6 (4%) | NA | .. | ||
| East Asian | 2 (1%) | NA | .. | ||
| Arab | 2 (1%) | NA | .. | ||
| Unknown | 4 (3%) | NA | .. | ||
| Obesity‡ | 44 (29%) | 158 (25%) | 0·352 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 22 (15%) | 202 (32%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Diabetes | 65 (43%) | 144 (23%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Asthma | 0 | 69 (11%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4 (3%) | 59 (9%) | 0·0043 | ||
| Other chronic lung disease | 4 (3%) | 32 (5%) | 0·279 | ||
| Hypertension | 63 (42%) | 241 (38%) | 0·459 | ||
| Non-liver cancer | 8 (5%) | 92 (15%) | 0·0011 | ||
| Stroke or transient ischaemic attack | 3 (2%) | 73 (12%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Serum creatinine concentration, mg/dL§ | 1·2 (0·9–1·5) | 0·9 (0·7–1·1) | <0·0001 | ||
| Immunosuppressant use | 150 (99%) | 19 (3%) | .. | ||
| Prednisolone or prednisone | 67 (44%) | 17 (3%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Calcineurin inhibitor | 135 (89%) | 6 (1%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Tacrolimus | 127 (84%) | 4 (1%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Ciclosporin | 8 (5%) | 2 (<1%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Antimetabolite | 90 (60%) | 7 (1%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 77 (51%) | 6 (1%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Azathioprine | 13 (9%) | 1 (<1%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Sirolimus | 7 (5%) | 0 | <0·0001 | ||
| SARS-CoV-2-targeted therapy | 49 (32%) | 17 (3%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine | 38 (25%) | 5 (1%) | <0·0001 | ||
| Lopinavir or ritonavir | 9 (6%) | 5 (1%) | 0·0003 | ||
| Remdesivir | 6 (4%) | 2 (<1%) | 0·0010 | ||
| Oseltamivir | 3 (2%) | 0 | 0·0072 | ||
| Anakinra | 2 (1%) | 0 | 0·037 | ||
| Convalescent plasma | 2 (1%) | 0 | 0·037 | ||
| Tocilizumab | 2 (1%) | 0 | 0·037 | ||
| Azithromycin | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0·194 | ||
| Heparin¶ | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0·194 | ||
| Sofosbuvir | 1 (1%) | 0 | 0·194 | ||
| Dexamethasone | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 1·000 | ||
| Interferon alfa | 0 | 3 (<1%) | 1·000 | ||
| Interferon beta | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 1·000 | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 0 | 1 (<1%) | 1·000 | ||
Data are median (IQR) or n (%). Comparisons with Mann-Whitney U tests or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. NA=not available. SARS-CoV-2= severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
*
For white ethnicity versus other ethnicities grouped.
†
One patient had two recorded ethnicities.
‡
Body-mass index >30 kg/m2.
§
Data were missing for 7 patients in the transplant group and 81 in the non-transplant group.
¶
Explicit use of heparin as therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection.