Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% CI) for any HF, HFpEF, HFrEF associated with sex hormone levels in men per 1 SD decrease in sex hormone level
| Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |
| Any HF (N events/person-years = 873/63 483; IR = 13.8 per 1000 person-years) | |||
| Total T (nmoI/L) | 1.18 (1.12, 1.25) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) |
| DHEA-S (ug/dL) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) |
| SHBG (nmoI/L) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.11) |
| HFpEF (N events/person-years = 197/35 857; IR = 5.5 per 1000 person-years) | |||
| Total T (nmoI/L) | 1.20 (1.06, 1.37) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.33) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) |
| DHEA-S (µg/dL) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.22) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.31) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) |
| HFrEF (N events/person-years = 298/35 857; IR = 8.3 per 1000 person-years) | |||
| Total T (nmoI/L) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.06) |
| DHEA-S (µg/dL) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) |
| SHBG (nmoI/L) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) |
All sex hormones are log-transformed and standardized. Hazard Ratios are associated with 1 SD decrease in log sex hormones (total T: 0.51 nmoI/L; DHEA-S: 0.61 µg/dL; SHBG: 0.47 nmoI/L). Bolded results are statistically significant.
Abbreviations: HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IR, incidence rates; T, testosterone; DHEA-S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin.
a Model 1 (demographics): adjusts for age and race center groups.
b Model 2 (+lifestyle factors): model 1 + education, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, and smoking.
c Model 3 (+CVD risk factors): model 2 + systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, total cholesterol, HDL-C, use of lipid lowering medications, diabetes, eGFR, and prevalent CHD.