Table 3.
Hazard ratios (95% CI) for any HF, HFpEF, HFrEF associated with sex hormone levels in women per 1 SD decrease in sex hormone level
| Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | |
| Any HF (N events/person-years = 945/80 659; IR = 11.7 per 1000 person-years) | |||
| Total T (nmoI/L) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.13) |
| DHEA-S (µg/dL) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.23) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.27) | 1.17 (1.09, 1.24) |
| SHBG (nmoI/L) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) |
| HFpEF (N events/person-years = 336/47 493; IR = 7.1 per 1000 person-years) | |||
| Total T (nmoI/L) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) |
| DHEA-S (µg/dL) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) |
| SHBG (nmoI/L) | 1.17 (1.04, 1.30) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.26) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) |
| HFrEF (N events/person-years = 203/47 493; IR = 4.3 per 1000 person-years) | |||
| Total T (nmoI/L) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.22) |
| DHEA-S (µg/dL) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.27) |
| SHBG (nmoI/L) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.06) |
All sex-hormones are log-transformed and standardized. Hazard ratios are associated with 1 SD decrease in log sex hormones (total T: 0.48 nmoI/L; DHEA-S: 0.72 µg/dL; SHBG: 0.74 nmoI/L). Bolded results are statistically significant.
Abbreviations: HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IR, incidence rates; T, testosterone; DHEA-S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin.
a Model 1 (demographics): adjusts for age and race-center groups.
b Model 2 (+lifestyle factors): model 1 + education, waist to hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, and hormone therapy use.
c Model 3 (+CVD risk factors): model 2 + systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, total cholesterol, HDL-C, use of lipid lowering medications, diabetes, eGFR, and prevalent CHD.