Fig. 7. Ketamine and nifedipine dose-dependently inhibit human BSM cell proliferation.

Primary cultured human BSM cells were incubated with ketamine or nifedipine for 1–7 days at the indicated concentrations, cell proliferation was assessed by alamar blue assay in the presence of ketamine (a n = 4) or nifedipine (b n = 4). Ketamine and nifedipine inhibited hBSM cell proliferation. c Immunofluorescent staining of ki67 (green) in hBSM cells was inhibited by pretreatment with ketamine (100 µg ml⁻¹) or nifedipine (10 µM), but inhibition was rescued by 200 nM Bay k8644, representative images are from two independent experiments with at least three samples each group at each experiment. Scale bar: 40 µm. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.